1822. =F. M. V. Massé= (Lorient). Wrote some operas in the style of Auber with very great success. A number of later works, some of which have been produced at Covent Garden, have been less favourably received. 1823. =Edouard Lalo= (Lille). The writer of some excellent violin music; includes among his writings one work, _Le Roi d’ Ys_, which is often to be heard. 1823. =L. E. E. Reyer= (Marseilles). Is yet another French composer of opera, chiefly known by his _Sigurd_, produced in 1884. 1823. =Marietta Alboni= (Cesena). Was a world-renowned contralto, who created a furore in London. She was set up as a sort of rival attraction to Jenny Lind, who was performing at another theatre, and was powerful enough to hold her own. 1824. =Peter Cornelius= (Mainz). Wrote a number of operas, of which _The Barber of Bagdad_ seems to have been a kind of forerunner of _Die Meistersinger_, and is enormously in favour in Germany. 1824. =Friedrich Smetana= (Leitomischl). Is the father of Bohemian opera, and his work, _The Bartered Bride_, paved the way for a series of national operas which are dear indeed to the hearts of the Bohemians. He is important, also, as the model upon which Dvŏràk framed much of his work. 1825. =F. R. Hervé= (Houdain). Wrote a very large number of French operettas of a very light trend, which are hardly likely to go down to posterity. 1826. =Mathilde Marchesi= (Frankfort). An eminent soprano vocalist, whose influence has been widely felt in the operatic world, not only by her performances, but also by her teaching. Her _Ecole de Chant_ and vocal exercises are world known. 1826. =Ivar Hallström= (Stockholm). A Swedish composer of operas; has produced works of a distinctly national impress. 1827. =Marie Carvalho= (Marseilles). A French vocalist; was at one time in the first rank of artists of the grand opera and the opera comique. She specially excelled in her interpretations of the soprano characters of the Gounod operas. 1828. =Antonio Cagnoni= (Godiasco). Wrote a number of Italian operas of moderate quality; his attentions were mostly confined to opera buffa. 1828. =Ferdinand Poise= (Nîmes). Wrote a number of charming light works, somewhat in the style of his master Adam. Paris was the scene of his labours. 1829. =Anton Rubinstein= (Wechwotynecz). Bears a name well known in many musical fields: in opera he was hardly great, his music being non-dramatic in character. He wrote _The Demon_ and a few “sacred operas.”