1839. =Joseph Rheinberger= (Vaduz). Famous as a writer of organ music, and of achievements in almost all branches of composition; ventured also into the operatic field with his work _Die Sieben Raben_. 1840. =Hermann Goetz= (Königsberg). Was a short-lived composer, whose opera, _The Taming of the Shrew_, showed the possession of extraordinary gifts. 1840. =P. Tchaïkovsky= (Votinsk). This gifted and versatile composer is known in England only by his _Eugene Oniegin_, so far as opera is concerned. 1841. =Antonin Dvŏrák= (Kralup). The Bohemian composer’s operas are hardly as successful as his chamber music and his symphonies. 1841. =Victor Nessler= (Baldenheim). Wrote popular operas for Germany. Their music is not of high rank, but such works as _Der Trumpeter von Säkkingen_ enjoy great popularity. 1841. =Franco Faccio= (Verona). Is an obscure composer of Italian opera, whose compositions display no particular originality. 1841. =Pauline Lucca= (Vienna). A soprano vocalist who appeared in operas of Meyerbeer and others. Alike in Germany, Russia, and England, she seems to have aroused the keenest interest and excitement. Her voice was one of extended compass and of a sympathetic quality. 1841. =Emmanuel Chabrier= (Ambert). Wrote some operas, the best of which was _Le Roi malgré lui_. 1842. =Carl Millōcker= (Vienna). Composer of Singspiel. 1842. =Heinrich Hofmann= (Berlin). Wrote music dramas and operas, and sought to compose light works on the grand opera plan, omitting all dialogue. 1842. =Jules F. E. Massenet= (Montand). Is one of the most famous living composers of French opera, many of whose works may be heard in this country. _Hérodiade_, _Manon_, _Le Cid_, _Esclamonde_, _Werther_, and other works testify to his ability and industry, and he is a factor to be reckoned with in the development of opera in France. 1842. =Arrigo Boito= (Padua). Is the composer of _Mefistofele_ and of the unheard _Nero_. 1842. =Edmund Audran= (Lyons). Was a famous composer of comic opera, producing many light works in Paris and in London. 1842. =A. S. Sullivan= (London). Composed the opera _Ivanhoe_. He was also practically the originator of a charming form of comedy opera. He died in 1900. 1843. =Christine Nilsson= (Wexio). A Swedish soprano, and yet another of that brilliant band of gifted singers who delighted the habitués of the opera a few decades back.