But there is also a marked distinction between the conduct of the
battles of the houses of York and Lancaster, and those of the Stuarts
and the Parliament of England in the next civil war. Up to Bosworth,
armies raised at a convenient feudal centre advanced, when “mobilised,”
against another army collected in a similar way at another place
convenient for the faction to which it belonged. They met as soon as
they were ready. They selected no “position for defence,” a primary
tactical law for a weaker force, which by so doing enlisted on its side
the elements afforded by such a selection. This was chiefly due to
the fact that the bulk of each army was still cavalry, but the other
“arms” were increasing in number and value, though still not fully
appreciated by the mounted men.
The two battles of St. Albans and the fight at Barnet fully show this.
In both of the former the combatants met _en plein face_. The one was
making for London, the other stopped him. In the second battle the
Lancastrians tried to check the opponent, and failed in preventing his
advance, both armies in which mounted troops predominated. There was
nothing but a mutual offensive, the system that was at the basis of
feudal tactics, and which crystallised in the personal battle between
knight and knight in the lists. Strategy in its best sense was not,
neither were tactics, for tactics mean the development of a means of
equalising the deficiency of one side in numbers, arms, or morale.
So long as a battle depended on personal prowess, the personal fighting
power, or even the personal domestic influence of a leader, so long
were battles often a mere matter of chance. When Warwick fell, Barnet
was lost. The next civil war changed this: neither the death of
Falkland nor that of Carnarvon at Newbury affected the fight seriously
in one single degree. Finally, as a rule throughout all these days
armies moved in order to subsist, and supply trains were rare. Thus
true strategy was barely in existence yet, but shock tactics in battle
were just beginning to give way to the fire tactics of bow and musket.
As regards supplies in the Wars of the Roses, it must be remembered
that, as in later times, notoriously in the Peninsula, when the armies
had at times to collect the enemy’s shot and bullets, the weapons of
either side were interchangeable.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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