One development of the typewriter business in nearly all foreign countries is totally different from anything known in America. We have already spoken of the modern system of commercial education as the creation of the typewriter. In America, however, the typewriter companies and commercial schools, though each is a necessity to the other, have grown up as distinct and separate institutions. This may be accounted for by the fact that the germ of our modern commercial school system existed in a few of the so-called "business colleges" before the days of the typewriter. In England also, before the advent of the writing machine, we find a few schools teaching the recently invented art of phonography, the latter-day development of the ancient art of shorthand. In other foreign countries, however, there was not even the germ of the commercial school as we know it today. If the task of getting operators during the early days of the business was a difficult one in America, in other countries it was formidable. It soon became evident that the problem could be solved only in one way, by the founding of schools of shorthand and typewriting, owned and operated by the typewriter company itself. This was the origin of the Remington system of commercial schools, which were established by the company or its selling representatives in practically every country on earth, with the one conspicuous exception of the United States. Even in Great Britain it was found necessary to establish these schools at several points in order to insure a sufficient supply of competent operators, and in the countries of Continental Europe there was no other recourse. The Remington schools at Paris, Berlin, Vienna, Moscow, Petrograd and many other cities throughout Europe were established soon after the machine had invaded these markets. In other continents the business met similar conditions and went through the same process. In Australia the great Remington schools at Melbourne, Sydney and other cities have graduated many thousands of operators; so also in South Africa, and throughout the entire South American continent, where not only the large centers but even many of the smaller cities now have their Remington schools. In the Asiatic countries the problem of securing competent stenographers and typists assumed another phase. Here the stenographers and typists are all natives, Chinese, Japanese, Siamese, Javanese, Hindu, etc., and they are all men, for this is one part of the world where the modern girl typist has not yet arrived. In the countries of the Far East, the Chinese predominate among the practitioners of the "twin arts." It's a stiff job, that of acquiring such mastery of a foreign language that the stenographer can take and transcribe accurately the shorthand notes taken from dictation in that language, but the Oriental peoples, with their remarkable linguistic gifts, have proved equal to the task.