The story of the UkraineManning, Clarence Augustus
History
The story of the Ukraine
Manning, Clarence Augustus
Kievan Rus -- History; Ukraine -- History
The Polish government paid no attention until the Kozaks began to
plunder the land of the Roman Catholic lords, like the Potockis to the
east of the Dnyeper, and until they began to advance to the west and
plunder in Volynia and White Ruthenia. Then it sent against them the
Hetman of the Republic, Zolkiewski, and finally defeated them at the
battle of Lubny in 1596. It was a crushing blow to the Kozaks but it
was only temporary, for it was not long before the King, in sore need
of troops for foreign wars, called again upon the Kozaks for support
and again the whole process of endeavoring to use them in war and
suppress them in peace was resumed.
In actual practice the Kozaks controlled practically all of Eastern
Ukraine and much territory west of the Dnyeper. They represented
the conscious active elements of the Ukrainian people and it was no
accident that the Archimandrite of the Monastery of the Caves called
in the followers of Nalyvayko to protect the Monastery when the King
of Poland was trying to seize it for the Uniats. Had they formed a
consistent policy, they could at any time have dominated a large part
of Poland and forced their will upon the lords.
Yet the very strength of the Kozak movement as a military organization
was its main weakness. The Kozaks had developed as frontiersmen but
it was a long while before they definitely tried to influence the
government or to take over the administration of the territory which
they controlled. The rough democracy of the Sich was little interested
in problems of administration. Even the families of many of the
leading Kozaks lived on farms not far from the estates which they
were plundering. They had a purely military organization divided into
regiments and companies, formed on a territorial basis and they called
it the Zaporozhian Host. Thus this powerful force which might cooperate
with the various townsmen and interfere in behalf of the peasants
rarely went further and it did not attempt to take over many functions
of the Polish local administration that it could have done.
For its part the Polish government contented itself with sending
commissioners to represent it at the meetings of the Host. At times it
sent parts of its regular army to discipline the Host or to garrison
forts in the areas where it dominated. Yet most of these troops were
registered Kozaks and it was a fairly general rule that in case of any
emergency, the registered Kozaks would abandon their Polish commanders
and take sides with the unregistered.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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