Abdelrahman Sufi, in the preface to his work on the constellations, says there are two kinds of heavens to become acquainted with—that of the astronomers and that of the Arabs. In the work itself he first describes the constellations used by the astronomers, _i. e._, the Greek ones, and then the old constellations of the Arabs. Kazwini in every case mentions a genuine Arabic star-name when he speaks of the Arabic, which is the case with almost every constellation. Our early astronomers had very false notions of this relation of the nomadic heavens of the ancient Arabs to the mythological one of the Greeks adopted by their descendants. Schickard, in his _Astroscopium_, says: “Instead of the Dragon the Arabs depict two wolves and five dromedaries.” He means the two jackals and the family of camels which the nomads represented under the five stars on the head of the Dragon. The Arab astronomers drew the Greek dragon on their charts and globes just as we do. They only looked on the old jackals and camels as _names_ for some of its stars. In Golius and Hyde we find a more correct view of the case. FOOTNOTES: [15] Already in the ancient book of _Job_, whose hero has quite the characteristics of a Nomadic Emir, we find some astronomical terms whose analogy with the true Arabic star-names is unmistakable. See _Job_, ix. 9; xxxviii. 31, 32. ASTRONOMY WITHOUT A TELESCOPE.—J. E. GORE It must be remembered that astronomy was studied ages before the invention of the telescope, and that the ancient astronomers gained, without any optical assistance, a considerable amount of knowledge respecting the heavenly bodies.