The story of the universe. Volume 4 (of 4) : $b The earth's creatures : fauna
History
The story of the universe. Volume 4 (of 4) : $b The earth's creatures : fauna
Astronomy; Earth (Planet); Natural history
The conformation of those parts of the frame which are subservient
to progressive motion becomes more perfect in the class of Saurian
reptiles, which includes all the lizard tribes. Several links of
connection with the preceding class may still be noticed, marking
the progress of development, as we follow the ascending series of
animals. Rudiments of the bones of the extremities, and, also, of
the sternum, make their appearance very visibly in the Ophiosaurus,
and in the blind-worm (Anguis fragilis). The Siren lacertina has
two diminutive forefeet, placed close to the head. The Lacerta
lumbricoides of Linnæus, or the Bipes canaliculatus of Lacépède,
which is found in Mexico, and of which a specimen is preserved in the
collection at Paris, has a pair of very short feet, also placed near
the head, and divided into four toes, with the rudiment of a fifth.
The Lacerta bipes (Linn.), or Sheltopusic of Pallas, has, on the
other hand, a pair of hindfeet only, but extremely small, together
with rudiments of a scapula and clavicle concealed under the skin.
Next in order must be placed the Chalcides, or snake-lizard, and the
Lacerta seps, animals frequently met with in the south of France, and
which have four minute feet, totally inefficient for the support of
the body, and only remotely useful in contributing to its progressive
undulations.
Ascending from these, we may form a series of reptiles, in which
the development of the limbs becomes more and more extended, till
we arrive at crocodiles, in which they attain a considerable degree
of perfection. As a consequence of this greater development of the
skeleton, we find the trunk divisible into separate regions. We now,
for the first time, meet with a distinct neck, separating the head
from the thorax, which is itself distinguishable from the abdomen;
and a distinct sacrum is interposed between the lumbar and the caudal
vertebræ.
The number of ribs differs in different species of Sauria: they are
always articulated to the extremities of the transverse processes of
the vertebræ, of which they appear to be continuations. Processes of
this description also occur in the neck, attached to the transverse
processes of the cervical vertebræ; and these have been regarded as
_cervical ribs_. Their presence are impediments to the flexions of
the neck; whence arises the difficulty which the crocodile appears to
have in bending the neck, while turning round upon the animal he is
pursuing. In the thorax, the ribs are connected with a broad sternum;
but there are other ribs, both before and behind, which have no such
termination, and therefore bear the name of _false ribs_.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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