TUTOR. It is foreign to my present purpose to speak of the inhabitants of the earth, as that more properly belongs to Geography. Thus much however I shall tell you, that, although it must be very cold and dreary, they are not so long deprived of light as you may imagine; for, even under the poles, when the sun is hidden from them, they are but a short time in total darkness, for, you must recollect, that the twilight continues till the sun is eighteen degrees below the horizon; and the sun’s greatest depression, you know, can be but twenty three degrees and a half, equal to the inclination of the earth’s axis. Besides this, the moon is above the horizon of the poles a fortnight together; being half her period north, and the other half south, of the equator; and, as the moon at full is in the sign opposite to the sun, the tropical full moons must be twenty-four hours above the horizon at the polar circles. PUPIL. This description is very pleasing, as I had no idea of their being favoured with so much light in the absence of the sun: and, I find, as the sun is longer above the horizon in summer than in winter, the moon, on the contrary, continues longer with us in winter, when we most need her assistance, than she does in summer. TUTOR. As you seem to understand what I have been explaining, I shall shew you, that the reason why it is hottest when we are farthest from the sun is, that in winter when we are nearest to him the days are shorter, his rays sail very obliquely on us, and are more dispersed than they are in summer, when he not only remains longer above the horizon, but being higher, his rays fall more direct on us, by which means the earth becomes so much heated that it has not time in the short nights to get cold again.—When the earth is nearest the sun it is summer in the southern hemisphere, therefore it is reasonable to suppose that the heat there must far exceed ours in the same latitude; but to counteract this their summer is shorter by eight days than ours: and it is well known that it is much colder near the poles in the southern than in the northern hemisphere: but this is accounted for from there being more land to retain the heat in the latter than in the former. PUPIL. My doubts on this head being now removed, I must beg you to give me such other information as you may think proper. TUTOR. As there are different degrees of heat and cold, the earth has been divided into five zones, namely, one torrid, two temperate, and two frigid zones. PUPIL. How are they distinguished? TUTOR. The torrid zone is all that space surrounding the globe contained between the tropics, having the equator running through the middle of it. It is so called on account of its excessive heat, for, twice every year the sun is vertical to the inhabitants, that is, he shines directly on their heads, and casts no shadow, but under their feet, at noon.