St. Paul of Thebes—St. Anthony—His visit to Alexandria, and death—Numerous Cave Hermits in the East—St. Benedict in the Cave of Subiaco—St. Cuthbert—St. Beatus—Rock Temples of Kanara—The Wonders of Ellora—Ipsamboul—Rock Churches of Lalibala in Abyssinia—The Cave of Trophonios—The Grotto of St. Rosolia near Palermo—The Chapel of Agios Niketas in Greece—The Chapel of Oberstein on the Nahe—The repentant fratricide 178 CHAPTER XVII. ICE CAVES AND WIND-HOLES. Ice-caves of St. Georges and St. Livres—Beautiful Ice- stalagmites in the Cave of La Baume—The Schafloch—Ice Cataract in the Upper Glacière of St. Livres—Ice Cavern of Eisenerz—The Cave of Yeermalik—Volcanic Ice-caves— Æolian Caverns of Terni—Causes of the low temperature of Ice-caves 192 CHAPTER XVIII. ROCK TOMBS AND CATACOMBS. Biban-el-Moluk, the Royal Tombs of Thebes—The Roman Catacombs—Their Extent—Their Mode of Excavation—Touching Sepulchral Inscriptions—Antony Bosio, the Columbus of the Catacombs—The Cavaliere di Rossi—The Catacombs of Naples and Syracuse—The Catacombs of Paris 202 CHAPTER XIX. CAVES CONTAINING REMAINS OF EXTINCT ANIMALS. The Cave Hyena and the Cave Bear—The Cavern of Kirkdale— The Moa Caves in New Zealand—Various Species of Moas— Their enormous size 213 CHAPTER XX. SUBTERRANEAN RELICS OF PREHISTORIC MAN. The Peat Mosses of Denmark—Shell-Mounds—Swiss Lacustrine Dwellings—Ancient Mounds in the Valley of the Mississippi—The Caves in the Valley of the Meuse—Dr. Schmerling—Human Skulls in the Cave of Engis— Explorations of Sir Charles Lyell in the Cave of Engihoul—Caverns of Brixham—Caves of Gower—The Sepulchral Grotto of Aurignac—Flint Implements discovered in the Valley of the Somme—Gray’s Inn Lane an ancient Hunting-Ground for Mammoths 221 CHAPTER XXI. TROGLODYTES OR CAVE-DWELLERS. CANNIBAL CAVES. Cave Dwellings in the Val d’Ispica—The Sicanians—Cannibal Caves in South Africa—The Rock City of the Themud— Legendary Tale of its Destruction 232 CHAPTER XXII. TUNNELS. Subterranean London—The Mont Cenis Tunnel—Its Length— Ingenious Boring Apparatus—The Grotto of the Pausilippo— The Tomb of Virgil 237 CHAPTER XXIII. ON MINES IN GENERAL.