THE SULTAN AND HIS PEOPLE. BY C. OSCANYAN, OF CONSTANTINOPLE. Illustrated by a Native of Turkey. NEW YORK: DERBY & JACKSON, 119 NASSAU STREET. CINCINNATI: H. W. DERBY & CO. LONDON: SAMPSON LOW, SON & CO. 1857. Entered according to Act of Congress, to the year 1857, by DERBY & JACKSON, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, for the Southern District of New York. W. H. TINSON, STEREOTYPER. GEO. RUSSELL & CO., PRINTERS. TO MY ALMA MATER, The University of the City of New York, THIS WORK IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY ONE OF ITS OFFSPRING. CONTENTS. CHAPTER PAGE I. PRELIMINARY CHAPTER, 9 II. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE ORIGIN OF THE TURKS, 20 III. THEIR RELIGIOUS CREEDS, 27 IV. SECTARIANISM, 37 V. PRACTICE OF RELIGION, 51 VI. PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA, 67 VII. PRINCIPLES OF THE TURKISH GOVERNMENT, 105 VIII. THE ADMINISTRATIVE GOVERNMENT, 109 IX. POLICY OF THE GOVERNMENT, 114 X. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE JANISSARIES, 117 XI. THE ULEMA OR SPIRITUAL BRANCH OF THE TURKISH GOVERNMENT, 127 XII. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 134 XIII. ARMY AND NAVY, 138 XIV. COMMERCE, 144 XV. JURISPRUDENCE, 149 XVI. EDUCATION, 159 XVII. MEDICINE, 167 XVIII. WESTERN PREJUDICES AND EASTERN TOLERATION, 171 XIX. THE SULTAN AND HIS PERSONNEL, 180 XX. PUBLIC DUTIES OF THE SULTAN, 200 XXI. THE ROMANCE OF THE EAST, 206 XXII. THE HAREM, 212 XXIII. CONDITION OF WOMEN, 224 XXIV. PERSONAL APPEARANCE, COSTUME, ETC., 232 XXV. DOMESTIC ARRANGEMENTS, 238 XXVI. SOCIAL INTERCOURSE, 246 XXVII.