=After-treatment.= Whether the operation be carried out by craniectomy or craniotomy, the patient is put back to bed in the so-called head-down position, the lower end of the bed being raised at least a foot above the level of the head. In the event of shock, a hypodermic injection of a ¹⁄₄ gr. of morphia should be given, the lower extremities may be bandaged firmly from below upwards, and saline infusions administered, preferably per rectum. CHAPTER III CEPHALOCELES. BIRTH-HÆMORRHAGES. BIRTH-FRACTURES. DERMOIDS. HYDROCEPHALUS CEPHALOCELES The term ‘Cephalocele’ has been applied to all those tumours which project through a gap or deficiency in the bones of the vault and base of the skull. The tumour may be congenital or traumatic in origin: the membranes of the brain may alone protrude (meningocele), or the tumour may be composed of normal or altered brain-substance: all the varying conditions, however, are included under one term--=cephalocele=. Congenital and traumatic cephaloceles differ, however, so markedly from one another, both with regard to their pathology and treatment, that they must be considered separately. =Congenital cephaloceles.= Billroth and the late Professor von Bergmann were the first to narrate cases in which this deformity was present, Lyssenkow[4] added much to the previous records, and de Quèrvain,[5] by prolonged researches, drew further attention to the subject. Lyssenkow divided the congenital variety into two main groups--exencephaly and cephalocele--the former resulting from a general error in development (the ‘Acrania’ of Muscatelle), the latter a partial or local developmental failure. In =exencephaly= there is an extensive gap in the vault of the skull, the remainder of the skull being microcephalic in nature, the brain projecting outwards in a varying degree, and the ventricular spaces distended with fluid. In =cephaloceles= the hole in the skull is usually circumscribed, although the sutures may be widely separated and the ventricles distended with fluid, yet both skull and brain may be normally developed in all other respects. =Exencephaly= presents but few points of surgical interest, insomuch as the condition is barely compatible with life. =Cephaloceles= occupy a very different position. The condition is by no means confined to man, and many instances are recorded as occurring throughout the animal kingdom. Norsa Gurrieri,[6] for instance, records a case occurring in the embryo of Mus decumanus vel albinus. The same writer insists that the developmental error involves bones of either cartilaginous or membranous origin, and that the atrophic condition of the bone is the primary cause and the ectopia of the brain a secondary result.