3. More rarely, the tumour overlies the _anterior or posterior fontanelle_. A case of this nature is depicted in Fig. 21, the tumour, situated over the anterior fontanelle, bulging over the temporal and frontal regions to a remarkable extent. 4. _Basal cephaloceles_ protrude through the cartilaginous base of the skull, either through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid, between the pre- and basi-sphenoid, or between the basi-sphenoid and basi-occiput, often projecting as a polypoid growth in the nose or naso-pharynx. An interesting case of basal hernia was reported by von Mayer.[8] The child, 3 days old, was admitted with a tumour projecting into the right nostril, covered with mucous membrane, translucent, encrusted with scabs, pedunculated, and closely resembling a nasal polypus. The possibilities were fully recognized and all necessary precautions taken. The right half of the nose was turned back as a flap, the tumour isolated, ligatured, and removed. Death occurred after six weeks. An oval hole was found in the left half of the cribriform plate through which the dura mater projected and to the margins of which the membrane was firmly adherent. The pedicle contained ganglion-cells and nerve-fibres, whilst the parts removed showed, from without inwards, mucous membrane, dura mater, arachnoid, pia, and glial tissue. =Size, structure, and contents.= Sincipital cephaloceles are usually quite small, but the occipital variety and those situated in the region of the anterior fontanelle frequently attain a great size (see Figs. 20-22). [Illustration: FIG. 22. AN OCCIPITAL CEPHALOCELE. (For further description, see text.)] It is not always possible to determine whether the tumour consists of a mere outward protrusion of membranes (meningocele), or whether brain-matter enters into the formation of the tumour (meningo-encephalocele). Fluctuation, translucency, and pulsation are all points to be investigated. All these features are, however, deceptive, and several cases are on record in which operative measures were carried out under the impression that the surgeon had to deal with a pure meningocele, and in which it was afterwards found that brain-matter formed the basis of the swelling. When the tumour is large, the skin adherent, when no pedicle is present, when fluctuation and pulsation are absent, and when the tumour is of firm consistency, then it is practically certain that brain-matter shares largely in the formation of the tumour. On the other hand, it is not unusual to find that the brain projects markedly outwards without resulting in any symptoms of brain irritation: fluctuation and pulsation are also not infallible signs, since the brain may occupy the base of the tumour, ‘corking-up’ the gap in the bone, or the brain may be so thinned by ventricular distension that a mere shell of cerebral matter lies beneath the scalp-covering.