The child, 10 weeks old, was admitted with a depressed fracture over the parieto-frontal region, oval in shape, and about 3¹⁄₂ inches in its long antero-posterior diameter. The centre of the depression lay about 1¹⁄₂ inches below a normal surface. The injury was produced at birth (contracted pelvis), and frequent convulsions were observed during the first few days of life. The fits then ceased, but the depression became, if anything, more marked day by day. The child was then brought up to see me. The depression was exposed by a suitable scalp-flap and a small trephine hole made immediately posterior to the depression. The dura mater was stripped away from the under surface of the bone and every effort made to remedy the depression. No impression was thus made on the defect. The whole depressed area was then cut out with a pair of scissors, the segment removed, wrapped up in a piece of gauze, and forcibly manipulated in the hope that the depression could be overcome and the segment placed back in the normal position. This attempt was also greeted with failure. The segment was then placed back in the inverted position, the dural surface external and vice versa. The segment required some trimming with the scissors before it fitted accurately in position. The scalp-flap was then replaced. The child suffered but very slightly from the operation, firm union was present in two weeks, and, six months later, examination of the skull showed that the two sides were absolutely symmetrical. It should be noted that, although the child was only 10 weeks old, and in spite of the fact that the depression was fully exposed, it was quite impossible to lever up the depressed bone. This hardly coincides with the views of those who maintain that birth-depressions undergo spontaneous cure. Taking all these facts into consideration, it would appear advisable to adopt the following course:--slight depressions, situated in the region of ‘silent’ areas of the brain, may be left for one or two weeks, and, in the event of failure at spontaneous cure, the depression must be elevated. In all the more serious cases, whether associated with symptoms of brain-pressure or not, surgical interference is imperative. [Illustration: A B FIG. 24. A CASE OF DEPRESSED BIRTH-FRACTURE. A, Before operation; B, After operation. (For further description, see text.)]