(_b_) _The malar tubercle._ A slight prominence on the posterior border of the frontal process of the malar bone, about ¹⁄₄ inch below the external angular frontal process. (_c_) _The temporal crest._ A prominent ridge that is directed upwards and backwards from the external angular frontal process. The crest cuts across the lower portion of the parietal bone, passing below the parietal prominence, and curves downwards towards the upper and posterior portion of the mastoid process. It terminates by becoming continuous with the upper root of the zygomatic process. The crest consists of two parts, the upper and lower temporal crests. To the upper is attached the temporal fascia, to the lower the temporal muscle. The lower crest is almost invariably the more prominent. (_d_) _The parietal prominence._ The central and most prominent part of the parietal bone. It indicates the point at which ossification commenced, and lies about ³⁄₄ inch above the termination of the posterior horizontal limb of the fissure of Sylvius. (_e_) _The zygoma._ When traced in the backward direction, the zygoma is found to divide immediately in front of the ear into three roots, of which the anterior, merging into the eminentia articularis, and the middle, aiding in the formation of the post-glenoid process, are of no practical utility in surface-marking. The upper or posterior root sweeps backwards above the external auditory meatus to become continuous with the suprameatal and supramastoid crests, the former of which forms the upper boundary of _Macewen’s suprameatal triangle_, a triangular depression at the upper and posterior border of the external auditory meatus. This triangle may be taken as representing the opening of the mastoid antrum into the middle ear. These landmarks having been determined, the following structures may be mapped out on the surface of the skull. =The middle meningeal artery.= This artery is given off from the internal maxillary; after a short extra-cranial course it enters the skull through the foramen spinosum, and soon divides into two main terminal branches. The site of division corresponds to a point situated just above the centre of the zygoma. The _anterior branch_ passes at first in a forward and upward direction towards the anterior inferior angle of the parietal bone, and then turns upwards and backwards towards the vertex of the skull. The main ‘danger zone’ in the course of this vessel may be mapped out by taking points which lie respectively 1, 1¹⁄₂, and 2 inches behind the external angular frontal process and an equal distance above the upper border of the zygoma. A line uniting these three points represents that part of the anterior division of the middle meningeal artery which is most liable to injury and which therefore most frequently requires exposure.