THE SWEDES IN AMERICA 1638–1900 BY AMANDUS JOHNSON IN FOUR VOLUMES VOLUME I. [Illustration: Fort Christina (1654), section of Lindeström’s plan of Christinehamn. See below, p. 95.] THE SWEDES IN AMERICA, 1638–1900 VOLUME I. THE SWEDES ON THE DELAWARE 1638–1664 BY AMANDUS JOHNSON UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PHILADELPHIA THE LENAPÉ PRESS 1914 COPYRIGHT, 1914 BY AMANDUS JOHNSON. TO C. A. SMITH, THE SWEDISH AMERICAN PHILANTHROPIST AND FRIEND OF LEARNING TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page Preface 7 I. Political, Social, Religious and other Conditions in Sweden, 1611–1660 11 II. Industries, Commerce and Trading Companies 39 III. The Founding of the New Sweden Company and the Early Expeditions to the Delaware 67 IV. The Founding and First Period of the Colony, 1638–1643 103 V. The Reorganized American Company and the Expeditions to New Sweden during the Administration of Governor Printz 139 VI. The Social and Economic Life of the Colony under Governor Printz, 1643–1653 175 VII. Renewed Efforts in Behalf of the Colony and Tenth and Eleventh Expeditions 249 VIII. The Colony under Rising and Papegoja 273 IX. The American Company, the Last Expedition and the Efforts of Sweden to Regain the Colony 343 X. The First Period of the Swedish Settlements under Dutch Rule and the coming of the _Mercurius_, 1655–1656 359 XI. The Last Period of the Swedish Settlements under the Dutch, 1656–1664 367 Map of New Sweden 392 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Fort Christina, _Frontispiece_ Gustavus Adolphus, 10