It has been disputed to whom the priority in the race of reform in Switzerland belongs, Zwingli or Luther. Zwingli himself declares that in 1516, before he had heard of Luther, he began to preach the gospel at Zurich, and to warn the people against relying upon human authority. The name of Zwingli is always associated by the Swiss with the rise of Protestantism as that of Calvin is with its triumphant progress.[11] This Reformation, introduced by Zwingli and extended by Calvin, occasioned the fiercest dissensions. Early in the sixteenth century both Geneva and Zurich became cities of refuge for French, Italian, and English who were forced to flee from their native lands on account of their faith. The first edition of the English Bible was printed in Zurich in 1535. The Reformers separated themselves into Lutherans, Calvinists, and Anabaptists. It was held to be the duty of each Canton to force its own faith upon the whole body of the people; church-going was enforced by fines and corporal punishment; staying away from church on Sunday mornings, in some localities, was followed by a loss of citizenship. The latter part of the sixteenth and the whole of the seventeenth century are crowded with controversies and bloodshed; that violence and those animosities which are found so terribly to prevail where religious zeal has been abused for the purposes of intolerance. Nowhere were the doctrines of the Protestant Reformation more ardently embraced; nowhere was the strange moral phenomenon, which is to be traced in so many quarters of Europe, more conspicuous than among the Cantons of Switzerland, the early, exact, permanent, geographical division, which was realized between the Protestant and Popish communities; a division which frequently an insignificant stream or street has been sufficient to maintain for ages. Religious parties, like glaciers, became at once frozen up in set attitudes and forms, which no subsequent events have been able to alter. In three instances controversies on the subject of religion kindled violent and bloody contests. The most memorable was the war between Bern and Zurich, on the one part, and five little Catholic Cantons on the other, in 1712. At the close of the period of the Reformation, seven of the Cantons, Luzern, Schwyz, Uri, Unterwalden, Zug, Freiburg, and Solothurn adhered to their ancient Catholic faith; the Cantons of Bern, Basel, Zurich, St. Gallen, and Schaffhausen adopted the reformed religion; Appenzell and Glarus recognized both forms of worship. In Geneva, over which the Duke of Savoy ruled, the effects of the Reformation were peculiarly important. Calvinism, as it existed at Geneva, was not merely a system of religious opinion, but an attempt to make the will of God, as revealed in the Bible, an authoritative guide for social and personal as well as for moral direction. Moral sins were treated after the example of the Mosaic law, as crimes to be punished by the magistrates;