spectacle, and the results were so important, as to give an old process a new dignity and reputation; and to awaken a fresh interest in the project of a permanent international high court of arbitration. To this project the Swiss Federal Council has been frequently addressed to lend its kindly offices. It is a project that every philanthropic publicist would be happy to see made practicable. Insurmountable difficulties seem to interpose, yet the fact of great states submitting their disputes to a body of impartial arbitrators for decision, and not the arbitrament of war, is not a new one, but of very ancient origin, old as history. As a principle, it has received the approval of sovereigns and statesmen, parliaments and congresses. The chief powers of Europe gave their sanction to it by the Treaty of Paris in 1856, and the government of the United States has, upon more than one occasion, given approval to it as the means of settling international controversy.[116] Barbarians and early people fought because they liked it, as the chivalrous Maoris did, and the Mussulmans, and the ancient Greeks. The romance and poetry of these people are all about war; it was their sport, their industry, their occupation; there was no other way to wealth and the heart of woman. Even the ancient Teutones regarded war as a great international lawsuit, and victory was the judgment of God in favor of the victor. Civilized people fight because they cannot help it, not because they like it. Civilized nations of to-day are supposed to act from motives of justice and humanity, and not upon calculations of profit, or ambition, or in the wantonness of mere caprice. Nations are now regarded as moral persons, bound so to act as to do each other the least injury and the most good. There is a growing international consciousness that, considered in the abstract, unconnected with all views of the causes for which it may be undertaken, war is an evil, and that it should yield to some plan of adjusting international quarrels more consonant with the present boasted Christian civilization. War, it is true, has its great conquests, its pomps, its proud associations, and heroic memories, yet there is murder in its march, and humanity and civilization, genius and statesmanship, are things to blush for if they fail to realize that “Peace hath her victories No less renown’d than war,” and that these words convey a profound principle, and not merely an abstraction too refined to be reduced to practice.