Freiburg were admitted. The Cantons then bound themselves under a treaty effected at Stantz, Canton of Unterwalden, in December of that year, to two additional articles: 1. That all the Cantons oblige themselves to succor one another in the support of the form of government then established in each of them.[5] 2. That a body of military laws therein referred to should be received throughout the whole nation, and the observation of them enjoined. The Emperor Maximilian I. determined to force the Swiss to join the Suabian League; hence resulted the Suabian war, which was concluded after the Swiss had gained six victories, by the peace of Basel in 1499. In 1501 Basel and Schaffhausen acceded to the league. In 1512, by the Milanese war, the Swiss obtained from Milan the territory which at present forms the Canton of Ticino. In 1515, after losing the battle of Marignano,[6] an advantageous peace was concluded with France, which was followed by the first formal alliance with that kingdom in 1521; and the two countries enjoyed an almost uninterrupted amity for nearly three hundred years. Such was the political state of Switzerland in the beginning of the sixteenth century; it was an independent federal republic, renowned in war and distinguished for its ancient political institutions. In the Thirty Years’ War the Confederates maintained a prudent neutrality, and the Peace Congress of Münster in 1648, through the mediation of France, solemnly acknowledged the complete renunciation of Switzerland’s nominal allegiance to the German empire. From this time until the outbreak of the French Revolution, in 1789, the history of Switzerland presents few events of general importance. Appenzell had been united to the league in 1573, making the number of Cantons thirteen. The thirteen Cantons took the name of _Eidgenossen_, a word signifying confederates, because they bound themselves together as comrades by oath. This endured without a further change of actual members until 1803. From the peace of Aarau, in 1712 (generally credited to 1718, since the Abbot of St. Gallen did not accede to it until six years after its agreement), down to 1798, the Cantons enjoyed the blessings of seventy-nine years of comparative quiet. The tranquillity enjoyed was favorable to the progress of commerce, agriculture, the arts, and sciences. The French Revolution, which disturbed the peace and unsettled the political institutions of every country in Europe, convulsed Switzerland with civil war and anarchy. In January, 1798, a French army entered Switzerland to assist the Pays de Vaud, which had declared its independence against the Bernese; Bern was taken and the Swiss Confederation converted into the “Helvetic Republic, one and indivisible.”