The major part of the material in the volume has appeared at intervals in the last five years in the _American Magazine_. So many persons concerned in the making of our tariffs in the period covered have aided me directly or indirectly by documents, personal reminiscences, and explanations of points of view that I find it out of the question to attempt to enumerate them. In one case, however, my debt is so great that I must acknowledge it specifically, and that is to Mr. Horace White, who has read, either in manuscript or proofs, the bulk of this volume and who has been generous in his suggestions and criticisms. CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE vii CHAPTER I. THE TARIFF AS A WAR TAX 1 II. AN OUTBREAK OF PROTECTIONISM 28 III. WAR TARIFFS CONTINUED 53 IV. THE BUSINESS MAN TAKES CHARGE 81 V. THE MONGREL BILL OF 1883 109 VI. GROVER CLEVELAND AND THE TARIFF 133 VII. THE MILLS AND ALLISON BILLS 155 VIII. THE MCKINLEY BILL 181 IX. THE WILSON BILL 209 X. THE DINGLEY BILL 237 XI. WHERE EVERY PENNY COUNTS 258 XII. THE MAKING OF THE BILL OF 1909 297 XIII. SOME INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL ASPECTS OF OUR TARIFF-MAKING 331 THE TARIFF IN OUR TIMES CHAPTER I THE TARIFF AS A WAR TAX