Early Attempts to construct an International Language--The Urgent Need of an Auxiliary Language To-day--Volapuek--The Claims of Spanish--Latin--The Claims of English--Its Disadvantages--The Claims of French--Its Disadvantages--The Modern Growth of National Feeling opposed to Selection of a Natural Language--Advantages of an Artificial Language--Demands it must Fulfil--Esperanto--Its Threatened Disruption--The International Association for the Adoption of an Auxiliary International Language--The First Step to Take 349 XII.--INDIVIDUALISM AND SOCIALISM Social Hygiene in Relation to the Alleged Opposition between Socialism and Individualism--The Two Parties in Politics--The Relation of Conservatism and Radicalism to Socialism and Individualism--The Basis of Socialism--The Basis of Individualism--The seeming Opposition between Socialism and Individualism merely a Division of Labour--Both Socialism and Individualism equally Necessary--Not only Necessary, but Indispensable to each other--The Conflict between the Advocates of Environment and Heredity--A New Embodiment of the supposed Conflict between Socialism and Individualism--The place of Eugenics--Social Hygiene ultimately one with the Hygiene of the Soul--The Function of Utopias 381 INDEX 407 THE TASK OF SOCIAL HYGIENE I INTRODUCTION The Aim of Social Hygiene--Social Reform--The Rise of Social Reform out of English Industrialism--The Four Stages of Social Reform--(1) The Stage of Sanitation--(2) Factory Legislation--(3) The Extension of the Scope of Education--(4) Puericulture--The Scientific Evolution corresponding to these Stages--Social Reform only Touched the Conditions of Life--Yet Social Reform Remains highly Necessary--The Question of Infantile Mortality and the Quality of the Race--The Better Organization of Life Involved by Social Hygiene--Its Insistence on the Quality rather than on the Conditions of Life--The Control of Reproduction--The Fall of the Birth-rate in Relation to the Quality of the Population--The Rejuvenation of a Society--The Influence of Culture and Refinement on a Race--Eugenics--The Regeneration of the Race--The Problem of Feeble-Mindedness--The Methods of Eugenics--Some of the Problems which Face us.