When we consider the nature of geometry it is evident that more
attention must be paid to accuracy of definitions than is the case in
most of the other sciences. The essence of all geometry worthy of
serious study is not the knowledge of some fact, but the proof of that
fact; and this proof is always based upon preceding proofs, assumptions
(axioms or postulates), or definitions. If we are to prove that one line
is perpendicular to another, it is essential that we have an exact
definition of "perpendicular," else we shall not know when we have
reached the conclusion of the proof.
The essential features of a definition are that the term defined shall
be described in terms that are simpler than, or at least better known
than, the thing itself; that this shall be done in such a way as to
limit the term to the thing defined; and that the description shall not
be redundant. It would not be a good definition to say that a right
angle is one fourth of a perigon and one half of a straight angle,
because the concept "perigon" is not so simple, and the term "perigon"
is not so well known, as the term and the concept "right angle," and
because the definition is redundant, containing more than is necessary.
It is evident that satisfactory definitions are not always possible; for
since the number of terms is limited, there must be at least one that is
at least as simple as any other, and this cannot be described in terms
simpler than itself. Such, for example, is the term "angle." We can
easily explain the meaning of this word, and we can make the concept
clear, but this must be done by a certain amount of circumlocution and
explanation, not by a concise and perfect definition. Unless a beginner
in geometry knows what an angle is before he reads the definition in a
textbook, he will not know from the definition. This fact of the
impossibility of defining some of the fundamental concepts will be
evident when we come to consider certain attempts that have been made in
this direction.
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