It should also be understood in this connection that a definition makes
no assertion as to the existence of the thing defined. If we say that a
tangent to a circle is an unlimited straight line that touches the
circle in one point, and only one, we do not assert that it is possible
to have such a line; that is a matter for proof. Not in all cases,
however, can this proof be given, as in the existence of the simplest
concepts. We cannot, for example, prove that a point or a straight line
exists after we have defined these concepts. We therefore tacitly or
explicitly assume (postulate) the existence of these fundamentals of
geometry. On the other hand, we can prove that a tangent exists, and
this may properly be considered a legitimate proposition or corollary of
elementary geometry. In relation to geometric proof it is necessary to
bear in mind, therefore, that we are permitted to define any term we
please; for example, "a seven-edged polyhedron" or Leibnitz's "ten-faced
regular polyhedron," neither of which exists; but, strictly speaking, we
have no right to make use of a definition in a proof until we have shown
or postulated that the thing defined has an existence. This is one of
the strong features of Euclid's textbook. Not being able to prove that a
point, a straight line, and a circle exists, he practically postulates
these facts; but he uses no other definition in a proof without showing
that the thing defined exists, and this is his reason for mingling his
problems with his theorems. At the present time we confessedly sacrifice
his logic in this respect for the reason that we teach geometry to
pupils who are too young to appreciate that logic.
It was pointed out by Aristotle, long before Euclid, that it is not a
satisfactory procedure to define a thing by means of terms that are
strictly not prior to it, as when we attempt to define something by
means of its opposite. Thus to define a curve as "a line, no part of
which is straight," would be a bad definition unless "straight" had
already been explicitly defined; and to define "bad" as "not good" is
unsatisfactory for the reason that "bad" and "good" are concepts that
are evolved simultaneously. But all this is only a detail under the
general principle that a definition must employ terms that are better
understood than the one defined.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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