Argyll (London, Strahan & Co.). But if we may venture to call purely anatomical comparisons of this nature _laws_, such a use of language destroys all logical reasoning; and this mistake appears again in Haeckel's philosophic {51} discussions, of which we shall have to speak hereafter. We shall have to refer also hereafter to an additional embellishment, which Haeckel thinks himself obliged to give to his works--namely, that he makes on every occasion the strongest attacks upon faith in a personal God, a Creator and Lord of the world; that he traces all the motives of human action to self-interest; that he denies the liberty of man and the moral system of the world; that he makes consent to his view of things the criterion of the intellectual development of a man; and that he thinks to render a service to civilization by such a view of the world and of ethics. In the consequent carrying out of the selection principle as the satisfactory key in explaining the origin of all species and also of man, Haeckel is indeed, in spite of the approval of his works by the British master, more Darwinian than Darwin himself, who expressly refuses to give exclusive value to this theory of explanation. Hence there are among scientists only a few who go with him to this extent. In Germany, aside from the materialists, we only know of Seidlitz and Oskar Schmidt--who in the thirteenth volume of the "International Scientific Series" treats of "The Theory of Descent and Darwinism," and advocates not only the autocracy of the selection theory, but also all the monistic and atheistic consequences which are deduced from it. Perhaps Gustav Jaeger, Schleiden, Bernhard Cotta--at least judging from their earlier publications--should be mentioned as followers of the pure selection theory; although they do not all draw from it the before-mentioned philosophic consequences. On the other hand, the number of those is very great who, although inspired {52} by Darwin to adopt the idea of an origin of species through descent and evolution, yet have more or less modified, laid aside, or entirely refused the very doctrine which is especially new in Darwin's theory--the selection theory. In the following section we shall briefly give an account of them. Sec. 3. _Modifications of the Theory--Moriz Wagner. Wigand._