The Theory of Moral Sentiments: Or, an Essay Towards an Analysis of the Principles by Which Men Naturally Judge Concerning the Conduct and Character, First of Their Neighbours, and Afterwards of Themselves. to Which Is Added, a Dissertation on the Origin of Languages.Smith, Adam
Philosophy
The Theory of Moral Sentiments: Or, an Essay Towards an Analysis of the Principles by Which Men Naturally Judge Concerning the Conduct and Character, First of Their Neighbours, and Afterwards of Themselves. to Which Is Added, a Dissertation on the Origin of Languages.
Smith, Adam
Ethics -- Early works to 1800; Language and languages -- Early works to 1800
Impersonal verbs, which express in one word a complete event, which
preserve in the expression that perfect simplicity and unity, which
there always is in the object and in the idea, and which suppose no
abstraction, or metaphysical division of the event into its several
constituent members of subject and attribute, would, in all probability,
be the species of verbs first invented. The verbs _pluit_, _it rains_;
_ningit_, _it snows_; _tonat_, _it thunders_; _lucet_, _it is day_;
_turbatur_, _there is a confusion_, &c. each of them express a complete
affirmation, the whole of an event, with that perfect simplicity and
unity with which the mind conceives it in nature. On the contrary, the
phrases, _Alexander ambulat_, _Alexander walks_; _Petrus sedet_, _Peter
sits_, divide the event, as it were, into two parts, the person or
subject, and the attribute, or matter of fact, affirmed of that subject.
But in nature, the idea or conception of Alexander walking, is as
perfectly and completely one single conception, as that of Alexander not
walking. The division of this event, therefore, into two parts, is
altogether artificial, and is the effect of the imperfection of
language, which, upon this, as upon many other occasions, supplies, by a
number of words, the want of one, which could express at once the whole
matter of fact that was meant to be affirmed. Every body must observe
how much more simplicity there is in the natural expression, _pluit_,
than in the more artificial expressions, _imber decidit_, _the rain
falls_; or, _tempestas est pluvia_, _the weather is rainy_. In these two
last expressions, the simple event, or matter of fact, is artificially
split and divided, in the one, into two; in the other, into three parts.
In each of them it is expressed by a sort of grammatical circumlocution,
of which the significancy is founded upon a certain metaphysical
analysis of the component parts of the idea expressed by the word
_pluit_. The first verbs, therefore, perhaps even the first words, made
use of in the beginnings of language, would in all probability be such
impersonal verbs. It is observed accordingly, I am told, by the Hebrew
Grammarians, that the radical words of their language, from which all
the others are derived, are all of them verbs, and impersonal verbs.
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