I. America in the Thirteenth Century--Papal documents. II. A representative upper house. III. The parish, and training in citizenship. IV. The chance to rise. V. Insurance--fire, marine, robbery, against injustice. VI. Old age pensions, disability wages. VII. Ways and means of charity--organized charity. VIII. Scientific universities, investigation, writing. IX. Medical education and high professional status. X. Magnetism--first perpetual motion inventor--the North Pole. XI. Biological theories--evolution, recapitulation. XII. The Pope of the century--Innocent III. XIII. International arbitration. XIV. Bible revision. XV. Fiction of the century. XVI. Great orators. XVII. Great beginnings of English literature. XVIII. Origins of music. XIX. Refinement and table manners. XX. Textiles, satins, brocades, laces, needlework. XXI. Glass-making. XXII. Inventions. XXIII. Industry and trade. XXIV. Fairs and markets. XXV. Intensive farming. XXVI. Cartography and the teaching of geography--Hereford Map of the World. APPENDIX III CRITICISMS, COMMENTS, DOCUMENTS. 464 Human progress. The century of origins. Education. Technical education of the masses. How it all stopped. Comfort and poverty. Comfort and happiness. Comfort and health. Hygiene. Wages and the condition of working people. Interest and loans. The eighteenth lowest of centuries. {xxvi} {xxvii} LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 1. Le Beau Dieu (Amiens)--Frontispiece (ii) 2. Virgin with the Divine Child (Mosaic, St. Mark's, Venice)--Opposite page 5 3. Pulpit (N. Pisano, Siena)--Opposite page 8 4. Archangel Michael (Giovanni Pisano, Pisa)--Opposite page 13 5. Christ (Andrea Pisano, Florence)--Opposite page 13 6. Sta. Reparata (Andrea Pisano, Florence)--Opposite page 13 7. Paschal Candlestick (Baptistery, Florence)--Opposite page 15 8. Reliquary (Cathedral Orvieto, Ugolino di Vieri)--Opposite page 15 9. The Church in Symbol (Paris)--On page 17 10. Adoration of Magi (Pulpit, Siena, Nic. Pisano)--Opposite page 22 11. Cathedral (Lincoln)--Opposite page 28 12. Cathedral (York)--Opposite page 28 13. Cloister of St. John Lateran (Rome)--Opposite page 32 14. Jacques Coeur's House (Bourges)--On page 32 15. Rathhaus (Tangermünde)--Opposite page 42 16. Cathedral (Hereford)--Opposite page 44 17. Cathedral (York, East)--Opposite page 44 18. Single Flying Buttress--On page 57 19. Christ Driving Out Money Changers (Giotto)--Opposite page 64 20. Bride from Marriage of Cana (Giotto)--Opposite page 64 21. Head (Mosaic, St. Mark's, Venice)--Opposite page 64 22. Head of Blessed Virgin Annunciation--Opposite page 64 23. Petrarch Portraits by Benozzo Gozzoli--Opposite page 71 24. Dante Portraits by Benozzo Gozzoli--Opposite page 71 25. Giotto Portraits by Benozzo Gozzoli--Opposite page 71 26. Screen (Hereford)--Opposite page 87 27. Doorway of Sacristy (Bourges)--Opposite page 87 28. Double Flying Buttress--On page 95 29. Angel Choir (Lincoln)--Opposite page 96