Palatinate, the Lower, attacked by Spinola, 43; defended by Vere, 49; invaded by Tilly, 50; conquered by Tilly, 60; the eastern part made over to Maximilian, 119; the whole restored to Charles Lewis, 214. Palatinate, the Upper, Mansfeld's occupation of, 50; its conquest by Tilly, 50; made over to Maximilian, 119; secured to him by the peace of Westphalia, 214. Pappenheim, confidence that Gustavus will be beaten, 139; storms Magdeburg, 135; commands on the Rhine, 161; leaves Wallenstein before the battle of Lützen, 161; is killed at Lützen, 161. Passau, convention of, 9. Peace of Augsburg. _See_ Augsburg. Peace of Phillipsburg, French garrison of, 215. Piccolomini, offers to join Wallenstein, 175; declares against him, 177; tries to seize him, 177; orders Butler to capture Wallenstein, 180. Pignerol, seized by Richelieu, 124. Pilsen refuses to take part with the Bohemian directors, 32; besieged and taken by Mansfeld, 33; Wallenstein holds a meeting of officers at, 177. Pomerania laid waste by Wallenstein's troops, 127; Gustavus lands in, 128; divided between Brandenburg and Sweden, 214. Pomerania, Duke of, _See_ Boguslav. Portugal, independence of, 200. Prague, revolution at, 29; Frederick crowned King of Bohemia at, 38; Frederick's growing unpopularity there, 43; battle at the White Hill near, 45; entered by the Saxons, 151; recovered by Wallenstein, 155; part of it taken by the Swedes, 213. Prague, the treaty of, 184. Princes of the Empire, their increasing power, 3; compared with the French vassals, 4; care little for the Diet, 5; their part in the Diet, 6; the majority opposed to Protestantism, 9. Protestantism, its rise in Germany, 7; its position in North Germany, 12; its division, 12; contrast between it in the north and the south, 17. Pyrenees, treaty of the, 224. Ratisbon, diets held at, 61, 127; taken by Bernhard, 173. Ratseburg, bishopric of, named in the Edict of Restitution, 121. Regensburg. _See_ Ratisbon. _Reichshofrath_. _See_ Imperial Council. _Reichskammergericht._ _See_ Imperial Court. Rhé, Isle of, Buckingham's expedition to, 114. Rheinfelden, battle of, 195.