Richelieu, becomes a minister of Lewis XIII., 74; recovers the Valtelline, 75; his plans frustrated by the insurrection of the Huguenots, 77; wishes to make peace with them, 112; causes of his success, 116; his policy of toleration, 116; takes part in the Mantuan War, 122; negotiates with Sweden, 124; is startled by the victories of Gustavus, 148; defends himself against the French aristocracy, 167; nature of the government established by him, 168; his aims in Europe, 169; intervenes more decidedly in Germany, 184, 190; aims at the conquest of Alsace, 191; obtains control over fortresses in Alsace, 192; failure of his attack upon the Spanish Netherlands, 192; successfully resists a Spanish invasion, 193; continues the struggle with Spain, 197; his successes, 197, 201; his death and policy, 201. Rochelle, insurrection of, 77, 112; siege of, 114; surrender of, 115; subsequent treatment of, 116. Rocroy, attacked by the Spaniards, 206; battle of, 207. Rohan, Duke of, insurrection of, 123. Rostock, its harbour blocked up by Wallenstein, 108. Roussillon, conquered by France, 200, 201; annexed to France, 224. Royal Charter, the (_Majestätsbrief_), granted by Rudolph II., 25; its forfeiture declared, 45. Rüdesheim, misery at, 187. Rudolph II., Emperor, his part in the Austrian territories, 24; grants the Royal Charter of Bohemia, 25; tries to withdraw it, 26; dies, 26; fate of his art-treasures, 43. Rupert, Prince, his birth at Prague, 43. Saluces, seized by Richelieu, 124. Salzburg, persecution of Protestants of, 216. Saxony, Elector of, 1. _See_ also John George. Savoy, Duke of. _See_ Charles Emanuel. Schorndorf, surrenders to Turenne, 212. Sigismund, King of Poland, a claimant to the crown of Sweden, 81. Sigismund, the Emperor, anecdote of, 2. Slawata, one of the Regents of Bohemia, 30; thrown out of window, 30. Soissons, Count of, rebels in France, 200. Soubise, Duke of, rebels, 77. Spain, intervenes in the war, 42; anxious for peace, 43; military position of in 1624, 74; loses the Valtelline, 75; takes part in the Mantua war, 121; supports Wallenstein, 151; takes part in the war on the Rhine, 158; turns against Wallenstein, 171; at war with France, 192; invades France, 193; naval inferiority of, 197, 198; rebellion of the Catalans, 199; loss of Portugal, 200; continues the war with France after the Peace of Westphalia, 221; agrees to the Peace of the Pyrenees, 224. Spens, Sir James, his mission to Sweden, 84. Spinola, attacks the Palatinate, 42; returns to Brussels, 50; besieges Bergen-op-zoom, 63; besieges Breda, 75; besieges Casale, 123. Spires, Bishop of, attacked by Vere, 50. Stade, taken by Tilly, 117. Stadtlohn, battle of, 66. Stenay, besieged by Condé, 223. Stralsund, siege of, 108.