SECTION IV.--_The Fight for the Lower Palatinate (April-July 1622)._ Ap. 12. Frederick joins Mansfeld. Tilly defeats the Margrave May 6. of Baden at Wimpfen 57 June Frederick, hopeful of success, refuses to consent to a treaty, and seizes the Landgrave of Darmstadt 58 But is driven by Tilly to retreat 59 June 30. Defeat of Christian of Brunswick at Höchst 59 July Mansfeld abandons the Palatinate, and Frederick, after taking refuge at Sedan, retires to the Hague 60 CHAPTER IV. MANSFELD AND CHRISTIAN IN NORTH GERMANY. SECTION I.--_Mansfeld's March into the Netherlands (July-November 1622)._ 1622 Tilly proceeds to reduce the fortified places in the Lower Palatinate 60 1623 The Electorate transferred from Frederick to Maximilian Feb. 13 61 1622 Change of feeling in North Germany 61 Aug. Mansfeld and Christian establish themselves in Lorraine, and then try to cut their way through the Spanish Netherlands to join the Duke 63 Aug. 28. Battle of Fleurus. Christian loses his arm 63 Nov. Mansfeld establishes himself in East Friesland 64 SECTION II.--_Christian of Brunswick in Lower Saxony (November 1622-August 1623)._ 1622 The Lower Saxon Circle urged by Tilly to join him against Mansfeld, and by Christian of Brunswick to join him against Tilly 64 1623 Warlike preparations of the Circle 65 Feb. Aug. 6. Christian expelled from the Circle, and defeated by Tilly at Stadtlohn 66 SECTION III.--_Danger of the Lower Saxon Circle (August-December 1623)._ 1623 The North German Protestant Bishoprics in danger 66 Aug. Alarm in the Lower Saxon Circle 68 Dec. But nothing is done, and its troops are disbanded 68 SECTION IV.--_England and France (October 1623-August 1624)._ Oct. Foreign Powers ready to interfere 69 Return of the Prince of Wales from Madrid 70 1624 Divergence between the English House of Commons Feb.-May and James I. upon the mode of recovering the Palatinate 70 Position of the Huguenots in France 72 SECTION V.--_Rise of Richelieu (August 1624-September 1625)._ Aug. Lewis XIII. makes Richelieu his chief minister. He is divided between a desire to combat Spain and a desire to reduce the Huguenots to submission 72