through any State by means of law. The present States will only solve
it, when they give up attempting the solution on their own account,
and leave the body economic to do what is needful, after it is detached
from the State.
There is much talk of the modern division of labour, of its results
in time-saving, in perfecting the manufacture and facilitating the
exchange of commodities. Little attention is paid to its effect on
the relation of the human worker to what he is doing. In a social
order that is based on division of labour, no person at work is ever
really earning his income himself, he is earning it through the work
of everybody employed in the body social. When a tailor makes a coat
for his own use, the relation of himself to the coat he is making
is not the same as that of a man living under primitive conditions,
who has all the other necessaries of life to provide for himself. The
tailor makes the coat in order to enable him to make clothes for
other people; and its value for him depends solely and entirely on
what services other people render. The coat is, really, a means of
production. Many people may call this "splitting hairs";--but one
sees that it is not so, when one comes to consider the formation of
commodity-values in the economic process. It then becomes obvious, that
in an economic organism based on division of labour it is absolutely
impossible to work for oneself. All one can do, is to work for others,
and set others to work for one. One can no more work for oneself,
than one can eat oneself. One can, however, establish practices,
that are in direct opposition to the very essence of division of
labour;--as, for instance, when the whole system of goods-production
is based on transferring to the individual as private property what
he is only able to produce through occupying a place in the social
organism. Division of labour makes for a social organism in which the
individual shall live in accordance with the conditions of the whole
body of the community. Economically, division of labour precludes
egoism. And if, in spite of this, egoism persists, in the form of
class privilege and such things, then a State of instability sets in,
leading to disturbances in the body social. We are living under such
conditions to-day. To insist that the conditions in the "rights-State,"
amongst other things, must bring themselves into line with the system
of divided labour and its non-egotistic method of production, may
appear to many people futile. In this case, they may as well draw
the deduction from their premises: There is no doing anything. The
social movement can lead to nothing. As respects the social movement,
one can certainly do no good, unless one is willing to give Reality
her due. It is inherent in the mode of thought underlying the whole
treatment of the subject, throughout these pages, that man's doings
within the body social must be brought into line with the conditions
of its organic life.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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