[7] This river traffic is entirely in the hands of the Christianized Ilocano. Rafts seldom proceed up the river beyond Bangued, the capital, and at low water even this distance is negotiated with difficulty. [8] Historical references to this trade, as well as to the Spanish invasion of Ilocos, will be found in _Reyes_, Historia de Ilocos, Manila, 1890; _Fray Gaspar De S. Augustin_, Conquista de las Islas Filipinas (Manila, 1698), p. 267; _Medina_, Historia, translated in _Blair_ and _Robertson_, The Philippine Islands, Vol. XXIII, pp. 279, _et seq_. See also translation of _Loarca_ and others in same publication, Vol. III, p. 73, note; Vol. V, p. 109; Vol. XV, p. 51; Vol. XVII, p. 285. [9] _Loraca_, 1582, translated in _Blair_ and _Robertson_, _op. cit_., Vol. V, p. 105. [10] _Laufer_, Relations of the Chinese to the Philippine Islands (_Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections_, Vol. I, pp. 256, et seq.) [11] _Cole_ and _Laufer_, Chinese Pottery in the Philippines (Field Museum of Natural History, Vol. XII, No. 1). [12] _Blair_ and _Robertson_, _op. cit_., Vol. XVII, p. 285; also III, p. 73, note; V, p. 109; XV, p. 51. [13] _Blair_ and _Robertson_, _op. cit_., Vol. XXXIV, pp. 287, _et seq._ [14] _Colin_ (Labor Evangelica, Chap. IV, Madrid 1663), calls the Manguian of Mindoro and the Zambal, Tingues. _Morga, Chirino_, and _Ribera_ also use the same name for the natives of Basilan, Bohol, and Mindanao (see _Blair_ and _Robertson_, _op cit_., Vols. IV, p. 300; X, p. 71; XIII, pp. 137,205). Later writers have doubtless drawn on these accounts to produce the weird descriptions sometimes given of the Tinguian now under discussion. It is said (_op. cit_., Vol. XL, p. 97, note) that the radical _ngian_, in Pampanga, indicates "ancient," a meaning formerly held in other Philippine languages, and hence Tinguian would probably mean "old or ancient, or aboriginal mountain dwellers." [15] _Reyes_, Historia de Ilocos, p. 151 (Manila, 1890), also Filipinas articulos varios, p. 345 (Manila, 1887); _Blair_ and _Robertson_, _op. cit_., Vol. XIV, pp. 158-159; Vol. XXVIII, p. 167. [16] _Blair_ and _Robertson_, _op. cit_., Vol. XXVIII, p. 158. [17] _Antonio Mozo_, _Noticia_ histórico-natural (Madrid, 1763), in _Blair_ and _Robertson_, Vol. XLVIII, p. 69. [18] These were: Tayum 1803; Pidigan 1823; La Paz and San Gregorio 1832; Bukay (Labon) 1847. For further details of this mission see _Villacorta_, Breve resumen de los progresos de la Religion Catolica en la admirable conversion de los indios Igorotes y Tinguianes (Madrid, 1831). [19] _Blair_ and _Robertson_, _op. cit_., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 199.