[20] Discussions concerning the Chinese origin of the Tinguian will be found in _Mallat_, Les Philippines, Vol. I, pp. 212-213; Vol. II, pp. 104-7, 345 (Paris, 1846); _Plauchet_, L'Archipel des Philippines (_Revue des deux Mondes_, 1887, p. 442); _Buzeto y Bravo_, Diccionario geografico estadistico historico; _Semper_, Die Philippinen und ihre Bewohner (Würzburg, 1869); _Blumentritt_, Versuch einer Ethnographie der Philippinen (_Peterman's Mittheilungen_, 1882, No. 67); _Reyes_, Die Tinguianen (_Mittheilungen K. K. Geogr. Gesellschaft in Wien_, 1887, p. 5, _et seq._); _Reyes_, Filipinas articulos varios (Manila, 1887); _Sanchez y Ruiz_, Razas de Filipinas, usos y custombres, Memoria Exposicion General, pp. 51, 60, 138 (Manila, 1887); _Montblanc_, Les Isles Philippines, p. 22 (Paris, 1887); _Montero y Vidal_, El Archipelago Filipino, p. 289 (Manila, 1886); _Bowring_, A Visit to the Philippines, p. 171 (London, 1859); _Sawyer_, The Inhabitants of the Philippines, p. 276 (London, 1900); _Zuniga_, Historia, pp. 19-38 (Sampaloc, 1803); _Colin_, Labor evangelica, Vol. I, chaps. 4, 12-14 (Madrid, 1663); _Blair_ and _Robertson_ (The Philippine Islands, Vol. XL, pp. 316, _et seq._) give a translation of _San Antonio_ Chronicas, written in Manila between 1738-44, also of _Colin_, Labor evangelica, of 1663; _Brinton_, The Peoples of the Philippines (_Am. Anthropologist_, Vol. XI, 1898, p. 302). [21] _Paul De La Gironière_, Vingt années aux Philippines (Paris, 1853); _Stuntz_, The Philippines and the Far East, p. 36 (New York, 1904). [22] Quoted by _Paterno_, La antigua civilizacion Tagalog, pp. 122-123 (Madrid, 1887). [23] _Brinton_, The Peoples of the Philippines (_Am. Anthropologist_, Vol. XI, 1892, p. 297). See also _De Quatrefages_, Histoire générale des races humaines, pp. 515-517, 527-528. [24] Census of the Philippine Islands of 1903, pp. 453-477. [25] The Non-Christian Tribes of Northern Luzon (_Philippine Journal of Science_, Vol. I, pp. 798, 851, Manila, 1906). [26] _Blumentritt_ (Ethnographie der Philippinen, Introduction; also _American Anthropologist_, Vol. XI, 1898, p. 296) has advanced the theory of three Malay invasions into the Philippines. To the first, which is put at about 200 B.C., belong the Igorot, Apayao, and Tinguian, but the last are considered as of a later period. The second invasion occurred about A.D. 100-500, and includes the Tagalog, Visaya, Ilocano, and other alphabet-using peoples. The third is represented by the Mohammedan groups which began to enter the Islands in the fourteenth century. [27] _Brinton_ (_Am. Anthropologist_, Vol. XI, 1898, p. 302) states that the Ilocano of northwestern Luzon are markedly Chinese in appearance and speech, but he fails to give either authorities or examples to substantiate this claim. For Indian influence on Philippine dialects, see _Pardo De Tavera_, El sanscrito e la lingua tagalog (Paris, 1887); also _Williams_, Manual and Dictionary of Ilocano (Manila, 1907).