The group includes all the beds between those last described and the well-marked Qasr el Sagha series, homotaxial with the Upper Mokattam (the brown beds) of Jebel Mokattam, near Cairo. It thus appears to be the equivalent of the upper part of the white beds (quarried limestones) of the Mokattam section, although the lithological characters are entirely different, the massive limestones of Jebel Mokattam being represented in the Fayûm by an arenaceous and argillaceous series, deposited probably in water of far less depth. Where the different members of this series are well exposed certain beds are found to be characterized by the abundance of two foraminifera, the one a small thin-shelled _Operculina_ (_O. discoidea_)., and the other a small thick nummulite.[43] The tests of these foraminifera sometimes make up entire bands of rock. In addition, the series includes certain beds which at times become very fossiliferous, and contain a well-preserved molluscan fauna. The series is well seen in the desert separating the Fayûm from the Nile Valley; on the south-east and east sides of the former; along the northern boundary of the cultivation and the Birket el Qurûn; and westwards in the cliffs to beyond the outlying hill-mass of Gar el Gehannem. The following section was measured on the south-west of the Fayûm, from Ezba Qalamsha (on the confine of the cultivation) to the ridge summit 5 kilometres to the south-east. _Top._ Metres. Summit of ridge 5 kilometres south-east of Ezba Qalamsha. Pliocene Raised Beach with occasional _Ostrea cucullata_, Born., made up of gravels with blocks of limestone.