the chapel is known in Tower phrase as “Little Ease.” We shall have it hereafter. On the first floor is the crypt and the upper storeroom. On the second floor is St. John’s Chapel, nave and aisle, and the Lower Armoury; on the third floor the chapel triforium and the Upper Armoury, the ancient Council Chamber, or “state floor.” [Illustration: 7. THE TOWER, SHEWING THE EAST OUTER BALLIUM. _From a drawing by H. Hodge, April, 1880. Gardner Collection._ THE DEVELIN OR IRONGATE TOWER. THE SALT TOWER. THE BROAD ARROW TOWER. THE CONSTABLE TOWER. BRASS MOUNT BASTION. THE WELL TOWER. THE JEWEL TOWER. ] [Illustration: 8. THE SALT TOWER, AND PART OF THE ANCIENT BALLIUM. _From a drawing by J. Wykeham Archer_, 1846. _British Museum._] [Illustration: 9. THE PRISONERS’ WALK. _From a drawing by C. J. Richardson_, 1871. _Gardner Collection._] [Illustration: 10. THE WAKEFIELD TOWER. _From a drawing by C. Tomkins_, 1801. _British Museum._] [Illustration: 11. TRAITORS’ GATE, FROM WITHOUT. _From a drawing by C. Tomkins_, 1801. _Gardner Collection._] [Illustration: 12. TRAITORS’ GATE, FROM WITHIN. _From an old engraving. British Museum._] We can trace here the origins of our old Law Courts. From the first it was a recognized rule that the Inner Ballium was sacred to royalty, and the general world coming on business had to content itself with admission to the Outer Ballium. The great Council Chamber was especially the “King’s Curia,” the _King’s Bench_, where his justices sat to supervise the proceedings of inferior courts, as well as to deal with criminal matters directly affecting the Crown. The _Court of Common Pleas_, suits between subject and subject, was held in the Hall Tower close to the Outer Ballium, to which there was an entrance into the Royal Palace. And here strict rules were kept, in order to keep the commonalty at a distance. There was a preliminary meeting at the Church of All Hallows Barking, to settle who were to be admitted for the pleadings. This last Court was removed to Westminster Hall by Magna Charta. The entrance into this wonderful building is by a well-stair at the south-west angle. The keep was restored on the outside by Sir C. Wren, who faced the windows with stone in the Italian style. The inside has been very little altered. The largest of the four turrets was the original Observatory of the great astronomer, Flamsteed.