Bring the men extended to six or eight paces on to a position, and let the men of each file close to two paces from each other. Each file is then to choose and mark a site for a short trench to hold both of them, or, as it would formerly have been called, a rifle pit, marking where they would make loop-holes to fire both to the front, and obliquely towards the right and left, so as to rake the ground in front of the line of the other men’s pits. This arrangement is not officially recognised, and it does not give the closest possible firing line, but it is an excellent way of making men think for themselves. When the men have got their bearings in the matter of taking up a line for entrenchment, make them get into the way of changing from defence into attack. Take up a position as before, and as soon as the trenches are marked out, indicate a position at some distance as an objective for attack and start an advance against it, as done in the attack practices, forming a firing line rapidly of some named platoons and the support of the others. A skeleton enemy kept hidden till needed adds much to the realism. _Defence of Pivots (M.F.E., 50 (3), and I.T., 129)._ Find a position in which there are some points separated from each other which command the ground between, and also form such pivots for defence of the position as are described in the paras. above. According to the nature of the ground, such pivots might be, for platoons, as much as four hundred yards apart, i.e., attackers coming between them would be under fire at not more than two hundred yards. Send a platoon under a commander to each pivot, and let him plan and mark out his defensive measures, which must include:— 1. An arrangement for all-round defence, so that the pivot may be self-contained and capable of continuing the fight, although others may have been captured. 2. The siting accordingly of trenches and loop-holes to fire all round and especially to sweep the front and rear of adjoining pivots. 3. The adaptation of existing cover to save labour. 4. The provision of protection against enfilade and reverse fire, and the _recognition of distant localities_ from which such fire, whether of artillery or rifle, might be brought to bear on the post. 5. The marking of ranges in each direction. 6. The provision of obstacles. 7. Any feasible scheme for alternative positions which his men could reach and occupy under fire. 8. The concealment of the defences, provision of dummy trenches, and loop-holes and any other shifts. 9. The telling off and posting of look-out men and fixing and occupying of alarm posts when work has been completed. 10. Drainage and sanitation. The concealment of defences from aerial reconnaissance will, perhaps, soon claim more attention than it gets at present.