NOTE 1.—Ricold of Montecroce, a contemporary of Polo, calls the Turkmans _homines bestiales_. In our day Ainsworth notes of a Turkman village: “The dogs were very ferocious; ... the people only a little better.” (_J. R. G. S._ X. 292.) The ill report of the people of this region did not begin with the Turkmans, for the Emperor Constantine Porphyrog. quotes a Greek proverb to the disparagement of the three _kappas_, Cappadocia, Crete, and Cilicia. (In _Banduri_, I. 6.) NOTE 2.—In Turcomania Marco perhaps embraces a great part of Asia Minor, but he especially means the territory of the decaying Seljukian monarchy, usually then called by Asiatics _Rúm_, as the Ottoman Empire is now, and the capital of which was Iconium, KUNIYAH, the Conia of the text, and Coyne of Joinville. Ibn Batuta calls the whole country Turkey (_Al-Turkíyah_), and the people _Turkmán_; exactly likewise does Ricold (_Thurchia_ and _Thurchimanni_). Hayton’s account of the various classes of inhabitants is quite the same in substance as Polo’s. [The Turkmans emigrated from Turkestan to Asia Minor before the arrival of the Seljukid Turks. “Their villages,” says Cuinet, _Turquie d’Asie_, II. p. 767, “are distinguished by the peculiarity of the houses being built of sun-baked bricks, whereas it is the general habit in the country to build them of earth or a kind of plaster, called _djès_”—H. C.] The migratory and pastoral Turkmans still exist in this region, but the Kurds of like habits have taken their place to a large extent. The fine carpets and silk fabrics appear to be no longer produced here, any more than the excellent horses of which Polo speaks, which must have been the remains of the famous old breed of Cappadocia. [It appears, however (Vital Cuinet’s _Turquie d’Asie_, I. p. 224), that fine carpets are still manufactured at Koniah, also a kind of striped cotton cloth, called _Aladja_.—H. C.] A grant of privileges to the Genoese by Leon II., King of Lesser Armenia, dated 23rd December, 1288, alludes to the export of horses and mules, etc., from Ayas, and specifies the duties upon them. The horses now of repute in Asia as Turkman come from the east of the Caspian. And Asia Minor generally, once the mother of so many breeds of high repute, is now poorer in horses than any province of the Ottoman empire. (_Pereg. Quat._ p. 114; _I. B._ II. 255 _seqq._; _Hayton_, ch. xiii.; _Liber Jurium Reip. Januensis_, II. 184; _Tchihatcheff, As. Min._, 2ᵈᵉ partie, 631.)