The treatment of nature in English poetry between Pope and WordsworthReynolds, Myra
History
The treatment of nature in English poetry between Pope and Wordsworth
Reynolds, Myra
English poetry -- History and criticism; Nature in literature
The place of the ocean in the classical poetry is likewise significant.
It awakened no sense of elation as in Byron, no sense of mysterious
kinship as in Shelley. It was simply a waste of waters, dangerous at
times, and always wearisome. Though more often mentioned than the
mountains, it received an even more narrow and conventional treatment.
Except in some elaborate similes there are few descriptions of more
than a line in length. We find merely casual mention by means of stock
epithets, or very short and unmeaning descriptive phrases. To Waller
the sea is “the world’s great waste,” “a watery field,” a “watery
wilderness,” or a “main,” liquid, or troubled, or angry, as the case
may be.[61] Dryden’s epithets are hardly more felicitous. He uses
“watery”[62] with an insistence that finally becomes ludicrous. He
has one or two little ocean pictures written apparently for their
own sake, but his best use of the ocean is in similitudes.[62] In
succeeding poets the treatment of the ocean is exceedingly commonplace
and unimaginative. Such small interest as the sea aroused was of a
prosaic, utilitarian sort. Young’s “Sea Pieces” and “Ocean” may serve
as examples, and they are little more than eulogies of England’s
commercial and naval prowess. It is for Britain that “the servant
Ocean” “both sinks and swells.” It is solely with reference to her
prosperity that soft Zephyr, keen Eurus, Notus, and rough Boreas ”urge
their toil.”
The main! The main!
Is Britain’s reign;
* * * * *
The main! the main!
Be Britain’s strain,[63]
is the unvaried theme. The few descriptive passages are of periods
when “storms deface the fluid glass,” and seem to have been composed
in accordance with Pope’s famous recipe for poetical tempests.[64]
The most popular sea poem of the eighteenth century was Falconer’s
“Shipwreck” written in 1762. It is a sufficiently remarkable production
when thought of as the work of a common sailor but it is difficult
for the modern reader to understand the extravagant praise bestowed
upon it in its own day.[65] Its tame and conventional love story,
its descriptions of the sylvan scenes where Palemon and Anna gave
pledges of undying affection, its moralizings on the beneficial effect
of poetry, the evils of war, the corrupting lust of gold, its long
digression on cities and heroes “renowned in antiquity,” its invocation
to the Muses, its mythology, its reverence for “sacred Maro’s art,”
are all of the commonplace, classical order. There is in the actual
shipwreck scene some vigorous writing, but it deals almost entirely
with the emotions of the sailors, and the management of the ship. It
would be difficult to find any really effective lines descriptive
of the storm itself. The following quotations may stand as fairly
representative of the best passages:
It comes resistless, and with foaming sweep
Upturns the whitening surface of the deep.
* * * * *
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