The treatment of nature in English poetry between Pope and WordsworthReynolds, Myra
History
The treatment of nature in English poetry between Pope and Wordsworth
Reynolds, Myra
English poetry -- History and criticism; Nature in literature
A division into colors and sounds leaves many sorts of observation
unnoted, and frequently these are of great importance as indicating
close knowledge; but they have been so often commented upon in the
study from author to author that even a suggestive recapitulation
is hardly needed here. Enough has been called to mind to show that
there was much knowledge of the external world, and that much of this
knowledge was reported in words so direct and truthful that they must
have come from personal experience.
In the classical period we have seen that only the milder forms of
Nature were cared for. Wordsworth was, on the other hand, essentially
the poet of mountains, lakes, and streams. It will be of interest to
note the attitude of the transition poetry toward the various kinds of
Nature. And first we may sum up the evidences of mountain enthusiasm.
In the first fifty years of the century we have only the expressions of
pleasure in climbing mountains or hills by J. Philips, Gay, and Dyer;
the various descriptive references in Ramsay and in Mallet; Boydell’s
crude work in Wales, and Paul Sandby’s sketches in the Highlands.
Ramsay and Mallet show a consciousness of mountains, and evidently
regard them as noticeable and picturesque elements of a scene, and Dyer
is of distinct importance because of his lingering pleasure in the
beautiful views opening up before him as he climbs the mountain, and
especially because of his poetic comprehension of mountain solitudes.
But it is during the next thirty-five years (1750–85) that we find
the most adequate eighteenth-century treatment of mountains. During
this period Brown, Pennant, Young, Gray, and Gilpin visited Scotland,
Wales, and the English Lakes, and wrote of mountains with an enthusiasm
hardly equaled in the succeeding century. In fiction were Amory’s
eulogy of Westmoreland, and his exaggerated pictures of Cumberland, and
Smollett’s description of the country round Loch Leven. In painting,
Boydell, Devis, Sandby, Bellers, Wilson, Barret, Farington, and John
Cozens were studying mountain scenery in Scotland, in northern England,
in Wales, Ireland, and in the Alps. In poetry we have Coventry’s
address to Vaughan on mountain climbing; Dalton’s apostrophe to
Skiddaw; Brown’s rhapsody on the mountains and lakes of Westmoreland;
the mountain scenery in Gray’s “Bard” and the poems of “Ossian;” the
many descriptive references in Dyer’s “Fleece,” Jago’s “Edge Hill,”
Mickle’s “Almada Hill” and “May Day,” and Scott’s “Amwell;” and
Beattie’s study of the influence of mountains on a poetic mind. During
the last twenty-five years of the century there is, in poetry, a
curious apparent cessation of mountain interest. The most highly poetic
minds, Blake, Cowper, and Burns, have none of it. Crabbe does not touch
upon mountains. Lesser poets, except Bowles at the very end of the
century, are equally silent. This is not, however, true in other realms
of art. Mountain scenery is still, during these years, a large element
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