The treatment of nature in English poetry between Pope and WordsworthReynolds, Myra
History
The treatment of nature in English poetry between Pope and Wordsworth
Reynolds, Myra
English poetry -- History and criticism; Nature in literature
There was, through the classical period, abundant delight, in a
general way, in meadows bursting into bloom, and in bright blossoms
in the garden. The use of the words “flowery,” “adorned,” “decked,”
“enameled,” etc., usually had reference to fields of flowers thought
of in a vague, pleasant way. The changes that come during the
transition poetry are a resolving of the general into the specific, a
concentration of attention on English flowers, and a greatly increased
knowledge of individual flowers. The rose and the lily often give
place to homelier blooms as those of peas and beans, the bramble rose,
butter flowers, clover, heath-bells, crowfoot, the tangled vetch, the
mandrake, the thistle. The increased minuteness of observation shows
itself in such garden studies as we find in Thomson and Cowper. A
feeling of personal relationship toward flowers finds its highest and
sweetest expression in Burns’ “Daisy.”
In the classical poetry trees in general are an important part of the
stock-in-trade. The new feeling shows itself in a growing tendency to
think of trees as individuals. In a landscape trees are mentioned by
name. The thin leav’d ash, whispering poplars, the glossy rind’d beech,
venerable oaks tossing giant arms, waving elms, quivering aspens,
murmuring pines, hoary willows, sycamores green, tawny, or scarlet,
according to the season, white-blossomed hawthorn, deep green hollies,
elders with silver blossoms, stand out from the mass and are known for
their own qualities. Minute observation is indicated by the descriptive
phrases used. The color of the trunk, the spread of the branches, the
changing hue of the leaves, the kind of blossoms, are severally noted.
Two special studies of trees are by Lady Winchilsea and Dr. Dalton,
and are of early date. Dyer and Cowper give the best studies of trees
seen in a mass, and yet individually noted. While there is not a touch
of the deep forest in this poetry, there are many lines describing
woodland effects. Thomson, Potter, and Cowper find especial pleasure
in the lovely interplay of light and shade in a pathway overhung by
woven branches. The brown shadows and the softened light in a deeply
wooded nook are observed. Gentle streams sing happily under a cooling
covert of green boughs. The quiet of the woods is broken only by the
plash of waters, the rustle of boughs, the whisper of leaves, the hum
of insects, the song of birds, sounds from distant flocks and herds,
or the stroke of the woodman’s axe. Trees also form an important part
of every general landscape. But no poet has given so much of the
real forest feeling as Mrs. Radcliffe. Of travelers Young has most
to say about trees but his observations are largely scientific and
utilitarian. On the whole we may say that trees are given abundant and
discriminating attention, but that this attention seldom penetrates
beyond external, artistic qualities. Personal friendship for trees such
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