The treatment of nature in English poetry between Pope and WordsworthReynolds, Myra
History
The treatment of nature in English poetry between Pope and Wordsworth
Reynolds, Myra
English poetry -- History and criticism; Nature in literature
Further quotation is useless. It is easy to see that these passages
have no individuality. They might be transposed from poet to poet
without injustice either to poem or poet. They are like ready-made
clothing, cut out by the quantity to fit the average figure, and never
having any niceness or perfection of fit for any individual form. They
are not specific. They have no local color. They are, furthermore,
absolutely superficial. There is no hint of anything deeper than the
conventional external details mentioned.
Throughout the classical age the most genuine interest in Nature had
to do with parks and gardens. The formal garden, however, which held
its own in England till early in the eighteenth century, makes but a
small figure in the poetry of the period. Its affinities were rather
with prose. In later poetry we find many references to the classical
garden, but they are of the nature of a scornful retrospect, and they
belong to the new spirit. The subject of gardening will be presented in
a separate section.
In the study of the evolution of the love of Nature from Waller to
Wordsworth we may perhaps mark out three stages in the attitude toward
the external world. The last of these stages is the one based on the
cosmic sense, or the recognition of the essential unity between man and
Nature. Of this Wordsworth stands as the first adequate representative.
The second stage is marked by the recognition of the world about us as
beautiful and worthy of close study, but this study is detailed and
external rather than penetrating and suggestive. Very much of the work
of the transition period is of this sort. In the first stage Nature is
counted of value chiefly as a storehouse of similitudes illustrative
of human actions and passions. This first stage represents the use of
Nature most characteristic of the classical poetry.
A study of the abundant similitudes of this period indicates that they
were drawn from a very narrow range of natural facts. The lily, the
rose, the lark, the nightingale, the wren, bees, stars, drops of dew,
the sea in a storm, the oak and the ivy, leaves, the Milky Way--these
are the most important sources of similitudes. The poet chose his
similes from facts already canonized by long literary service, or
from the obvious facts of the park or the town garden. There is,
in the second place, little apparent effort to secure accuracy or
picturesque effect in the statement of the illustrative side of the
simile. The entire emphasis is on the human fact to be illustrated.
There is, therefore, in the third place, a failure to perceive subtle
or delicately true analogies. In most comparisons the likeness is
superficial or it is far fetched. The similes from Nature were not the
literary expression of inner congruities. They were consciously sought
for as a part of the necessary adornment of poetry. Sheridan says:
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