(a) The Vedas, as we possess them, give no clear indication of any form of caste, except that of the occupational or trade guild type. (b) The first trace of modern caste is found in the “Institutes” of Manu: but here the rules of food, connubium and intercourse between the various castes are very different from what we find at present. (c) Caste so far from being eternal and changeless is constantly subject to modification, and this has been the case through the whole range of Hindu myth and history. (d) Caste is not an institution peculiar to Indian soil; but in its occupational form at least is widely prevalent elsewhere. (e) Caste is in its nature rather a matter of sociology than of religion. (f) The primitive so-called division of the people into Brâhmans, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas and Sûdras does not agree with existing facts, and these terms do not now denote definite ethnological groups. (g) The only trustworthy basis for the ethnological survey of Upper India must be based on anthropometry. CHAPTER II. ANTHROPOMETRY. The following note on the subject of Anthropometry by Surgeon Captain Drake-Brockman is printed in original. [General Remarks.] “The following series of anthropometrical measurements of the castes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh was taken and recorded by me under the auspices of the Local Government of these Provinces, who were kind enough to place the services of a competent clerk at my disposal to help in the work. In order to obtain as large a number as possible of representative castes, long distances have been travelled; only males of the age of 25 years and upwards have been selected as subjects for measurement on account of their mature physical development. 2. I have endeavoured, for purposes of classification, as well as for comparison, to group the different castes under three main divisions, viz., Aryan, Medium and Dravidian: the Medium group of which contains a large number of castes which form, more or less, an intermediate type, and are not capable of being classified strictly under either of the other two main groups. The last group I have again sub-divided into two—(a) an Hinduised and (b) an Aboriginal section, to indicate more fully their status in the social scale. All the various sub-divisions and sections of the several castes have been included and shown under the head of the main caste to which they belong.