The tribes and castes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, Volume 2 (of 4)Crooke, William
History
The tribes and castes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, Volume 2 (of 4)
Crooke, William
Caste -- India -- History; Hindus -- India; Tribes -- India -- History
[Marriage and divorce.] 4. The marriage age for boys and girls is from
six to twelve. The headman arranges the match: the consent of the
parents is essential, and the parties have no right of choice. The
bride-price fixed by invariable custom is four rupees in cash, two
cloths (dhoti), four sers coarse sugar (gur), and a little turmeric. No
physical defect which appears in either party after marriage is
sufficient to break the tie; but this is not the case if fraud is
established against the parents of either party: and it is understood
that a woman may refuse to live with her husband if he is unable to
support her, or is impotent. A man can divorce his wife for adultery:
in fact, if after adultery is established, a man does not discard his
wife, he is punished by the council. But all separations must be by the
sanction of the headman, and he will not give leave until he has
enquired and heard evidence in the case. If a man marries a woman who
has been divorced for adultery he is put out of caste. The sons of the
senior wife are called jethri or superior: those of the second lauhri
or inferior. These two sets of children succeed equally, while the
children of a concubine have no rights, and receive only whatever their
father may please to give them during his lifetime. If the concubine
was a woman of the tribe, the children receive full caste rights and
can be married in the tribe: not so, if the mother was of another
tribe. Her children are called Biyâr after their father, but have no
rights of marriage or commensality.
[Widow marriage.] 5. A man may take a widow to live with him without
any ceremony. For a while the clansmen will not eat with him, but when
he feeds them he is generally restored to caste on condition that he
goes to bathe at Benares or Gaya. The levirate is allowed under the
usual restriction that the younger brother can marry his elder
brother’s widow, and not vice versâ. If the levir abandon his claim to
her she may marry an outsider. She takes with her only children at the
breast; the others remain with her late husband’s brother. Once she
marries again she loses all rights in her husband’s estate. Their uncle
manages the property for his nephews, and they succeed when they come
of age. So in the case of the levirate the mother manages the property
for her sons by the first marriage. Her second family has no claim to
share. There is no fiction by which the sons of the levir are
attributed to the first husband.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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