The tribes and castes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, Volume 2 (of 4)Crooke, William
History
The tribes and castes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, Volume 2 (of 4)
Crooke, William
Caste -- India -- History; Hindus -- India; Tribes -- India -- History
44. Most of these divisions of the Doms of the hills are thus purely
occupational, and, as might have been expected, the enumeration varies.
Thus Pandit Juâla Dat Joshi writing of the Doms of Kumâun says that
Doms usually do not use the term Dom in speaking of themselves, but
call themselves Bairsawa, or Tallijâti or Bâbarjâti, “outcasts,” or
they call themselves by their occupation Orh, Lohâr, and so on. He
enumerates the Kumâun Doms under the heads of Sarki Dotiwâla, who work
in leather; Tamta, workers in brass; Lohâr, workers in iron; Orh and
Bârele masons; Tirua, who do tinning and making of horse shoes; Bhûl,
oilmen; Mochi, workers in leather; Koli, cloth-weavers; Bâruri, makers
of bamboo baskets, Dhuni, Dhuni Dom, and ordinary Doms who are said to
be a mixed race of men from the plains and ordinary Hill Doms who work
as ploughmen and day labourers; Dholi, who play on drums at festivals;
Hurkiya, who play and sing and prostitute their women; Chamâr, who skin
animals; Bâdi, who play on drums and work as tailors. He adds that the
reason of the increase of this caste is that they admit outcasts from
the superior tribes. The Baura are separate from the Dom, and say that
they were originally Jâts.
According to the same authority, the Orh, Tamta, Lohâr, Bârê, Bhûl,
Tirua, Mochi, Dhuni, Koli, and Bâruri are exogamous, but as they
advance in wealth, they show a tendency to break up into endogamous
groups. The Chamâr, Dholi, Bâdi, and Hurkiya are endogamous, and will
eat kachchi and pakki only from members of their own sub-caste. Their
rule of exogamy is simply that the recognised descendants of one common
ancestor will not intermarry. Some of them, as they are becoming more
Hinduised, have adopted the rule of not intermarrying within five
generations on the side of the mother and seven on the side of the
father. They can marry as many wives as they please, of whom the
youngest and best-looking is regarded as head. He says that the Doms do
not prostitute their women before marriage; but that among the Bhotiyas
it used to be the habit for young men and girls to meet in a special
house in the village, where, after drinking, each youth selected a girl
and cohabited with her in perfect freedom. The custom is now
disappearing. We have here a good example of that form of promiscuity
before marriage, of which Dr. Westermarck has collected numerous
instances. [355]
46. Girls, he goes on to say, are married between the age of eight and
ten. When the parties are of that age, their relatives arrange the
marriage for them; but when a girl has passed the age of puberty she
may choose a husband for herself. There are two recognised forms of
marriage, the superior, in which the father of the bride gives her away
with a dowry, and the less respectable form in which the relatives of
the bridegroom pay one-third of the expenses of the marriage.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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