above-stated rule is confirmed by so many examples from the canzos of the troubadours that it is scarcely necessary to bring new evidence for it. It will be more useful to mention some of the more important exceptions, which in this, as in other cases, ‘firmant regulam.’ If the last stanza of a poem ends with two versus, the tornada sometimes repeats only one of them. Sometimes also part of the cauda remains unrepeated. In other cases the tornada repeats exactly the metre of the cauda, but differs slightly from its rhymes. In a sirventes of Marti de Mons, which was written in the fifteenth century (1436), and by which the poet gained the ‘englantina’ in the competition of the Academy of Toulouse, the cauda of the last stanza consists of the following four verses: doranavant no cal plus dart ny lansa depus que dieus s’es mes de nostra part; qu’a tout l’erguelh al verenos leupart que ta lonc temptz nos ha donat dampnatge. The first of these lines serves as concatenatio; and for that reason its rhyme agrees with the first part of the poem. In the tornada this reason of course did not exist; and therefore the poet very skilfully rhymes the first line with the last line of the tornada instead of making it like the first verse of the cauda. The tornada, therefore, is this: Confort d’amors, fons he cap de paratge vostre car filh faytz que prim ho de tart nos velha dar totz ensemps bona part de paradis, le sobrier heretatge. In many cases also there is no tornada at all, or it may be said to consist of the last stanza of the poem, if in this the senhal and dedication are introduced. The principles insisted upon in the foregoing remarks may perhaps best be illustrated by an accurate metrical analysis of the subjoined canzo of Bernard de Ventadorn. For the purpose in question this poem has the double advantage of presenting a great complication of metrical rules, and of showing at the same time how the troubadours succeeded in combining such a complicated structure with the beauty of genuine poetry. _a._ Be m’an perdut lai enves Ventadorn tuit mei amic, pos ma domna nom ama, et es be dreitz que jamais lai no torn, qu’ades estai vas mi salvatg’ e grama. veus per quem fai semblan irat e morn, quar en s’amor mi deleit em sojorn, ni de ren al nos rancura nis clama. _b._ Aissi col peis qui s’eslaiss’ el cadorn e no sap re tro que s’es pres en l’ama, m’eslaissei eu vas trop amar un jorn; qu’anc no saup mot tro fui en mei la flama que m’art plus fort que no fai focs de forn; e ges per so nom posc partir un dorn, aissim te pres s’amors que m’aliama.