Or the whole argument may be repeated in an even shorter form. The universe (in its present condition) has not existed always, it is therefore an _effect_,--something that has been effected, or brought about somehow; and therefore like every effect, it must have had a _Cause_. Then since the effect shows a certain unity throughout, the Cause must have been One. Since the effect shows in some parts evidence of having been planned and arranged, the capacity for planning and arranging must have existed in the Cause. In other words, a universe showing marks of design is the effect, and nothing less than a Personal Being who designed it can be the Cause. And GOD is the name given to this Personal Being. CHAPTER IV. THAT MAN IS A FREE AND RESPONSIBLE BEING. (_A._) MAN'S MENTAL ATTRIBUTES. Man possesses a mind as well as a body; the opposite theory, materialism, has great difficulties. (_B._) MAN'S MORAL ATTRIBUTES. (1.) Man possesses a will. (2.) Man's acts are partly determined by his will. (3.) Man's will is _free_. (4.) Man knows that his will is free; and this enables him to design, and makes him a personal being. (5.) Man's _responsibility_ for his acts. (6.) Man's moral sense of right and wrong; which enables him to distinguish the quality of acts, and makes him a moral being. (7.) Man's conscience, by which he can judge of this quality in some cases. (_C._) DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANIMALS AND MEN. There is a great mental difference, though probably only of degree; and entire moral difference, since animals, even if free, do not possess a _known_ freedom, and are hence not personal beings. (_D._) CONCLUSION. Man consists of three parts, body, mind, and spirit: his unique position. Having decided on the Existence of God, which is the great truth of _Natural_ Religion, the question now arises whether, if nature can lead us so far, there is no means of getting further. No one will deny that further knowledge is desirable, both as to God, ourselves, and our future destiny, and is there no means of obtaining it? And this brings us to the subject of _Revealed_ Religion, that is to say, of God's making some Revelation to man. And the probability of this will depend partly on the _character of man_--is he a being at all worthy of a revelation; and partly on the _Character of God_--is He a Being at all likely to make one? The former question alone will be discussed in this chapter, and we will consider man's _mental_ and _moral_ attributes separately. Nothing need be said about his bodily or _physical_ characteristics, as they have no bearing on the present argument. (_A._) MAN'S MENTAL ATTRIBUTES.