Organizations for self-improvement 230 Churches 231 Rescue of friends from slavery 231 Ownership of property 232 Rights of citizenship 233 Character as citizens 233 CHAPTER VIII FUGITIVE SETTLERS IN THE NORTHERN STATES Number of fugitive settlers in the North 235 The Northern states an unsafe refuge for runaway slaves 237 Reclamation of fugitives in the free states 239 Protection of fugitives in the free states 242 Object of the personal liberty laws 245 Effect of the law of 1850 on fugitive settlers 246 Underground operators among fugitives of the free states 251 CHAPTER IX PROSECUTIONS OF UNDERGROUND RAILROAD MEN Enactment of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 254 Grounds on which the constitutionality of the measure was questioned 254 Denial of trial by jury to the fugitive slave 255 Summary mode of arrest 257 The question of concurrent jurisdiction between the federal and state governments in fugitive slave cases 259 The law of 1793 versus the Ordinance of 1787 261 Power of Congress to legislate concerning the extradition of fugitive slaves denied 263 State officers relieved of the execution of the law by the Prigg decision, 1842 264 Amendment of the law of 1793 by the law of 1850 265 Constitutionality of the law of 1850 questioned 267 First case under the law of 1850 268 Authority of a United States commissioner 269 Penalties imposed for aiding and abetting the escape of fugitives 273 Trial on the charge of treason in the Christiana case, 1854 279 Counsel for fugitive slaves 281 Last case under the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 285 Attempted revision of the law 285 Destructive attacks upon the measure in Congress 286 Lincoln's Proclamation of Emancipation 287 Repeal of the Fugitive Slave Acts 288 CHAPTER X THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD IN POLITICS Valuation of the Underground Railroad in its political aspect 290