I. Human Nature a Product of the Jungle II. Egoism and Altruism III. The Ethics of the Savage IV. The Ethics of the Ancient V. Modern Ethics VI. The Ethics of Human Beings Toward Non-human Beings VII. The Origin of Provincialism VIII. Universal Ethics IX. The Psychology of Altruism X. Anthropocentric Ethics XI. Ethical Implications of Evolution XII. Conclusion THE PHYSICAL KINSHIP I. Man an Animal II. Man a Vertebrate III. Man a Mammal IV. Man a Primate V. Recapitulation VI. The Meaning of Homology VII. The Earth an Evolution VIII. The Factors of Organic Evolution IX. The Evidences of Organic Evolution X. The Genealogy of Animals XI. Conclusion ‘Like the Roman emperors, who, intoxicated by their power, at length regarded themselves as demigods, so the ruler of the earth believes that the animals subjected to his will have nothing in common with his own nature. Man is not content to be the king of animals. He insists on having it that an impassable gulf separates him from his subjects. The affinity of the ape disturbs and humbles him. And, turning his back upon the earth, he flies, with his threatened majesty, into the cloudy sphere of a special “human kingdom.” But Anatomy, like those slaves who followed the conqueror’s car crying, “Thou art a man,” disturbs him in his self-admiration, and reminds him of those plain and tangible realities which unite him with the animal world.’ — Broca. THE UNIVERSAL KINSHIP The PHYSICAL KINSHIP I. Man an Animal. It was in the zoology class at college. We had made all the long journey from amoeba to coral, from coral to worm, from worm to mollusk, from mollusk to fish, from fish to reptile, and from reptile to mammal—and there, in the closing pages of faithful old Packard, we found it. ‘A mammal of the order of primates,’ the book said, with that unconcern characteristic of the deliverances of science. I was almost saddened. It was the first intimation I had ever received of that trite but neglected truth that _man is an animal_.