The bones associated with the olfactory capsules are the _nasals_ and _vomer_. The _nasals_ (figs. 59 and 60, 5) lie on the dorsal surface immediately in front of the cranium, and are separated from one another by the nasal processes of the premaxillae. Each is completely fused in the adult with the corresponding maxillae and premaxillae, the three bones together forming the boundary of the =anterior nares.= The _vomer_ (fig. 60, 19) is unpaired and forms a small median vertical plate lying ventral to the anterior continuation of the interorbital septum. The bones of the upper jaw consist on each side of two slender arcades which in front converge and are attached to the large beak, while behind they diverge but are united by the =quadrate=. The =inner arcade= is formed by the pterygoid and palatine. The _pterygoid_ (fig. 60, 21) is a short flattened bone, which articulates behind with the quadrate, and on its inner side with a large flattened surface borne by the rostrum, in front it meets the palatine, or sometimes ends freely with a long antero-dorsally directed point. The _palatine_ (fig. 60, 20) is a slender irregular bone flattened dorso-ventrally at its anterior end where it articulates with the beak, and laterally behind. It gives off at its posterior end a process, which is sometimes united with the vomer, sometimes projects forwards, and meets its fellow dorsal to the vomer. In the large space between it and the vomer is the opening of the =posterior nares=. The _premaxillae_ (figs. 59 and 60, 2) are very large, and form nearly a third of the big shovel-shaped beak. They constitute the inner, and part of the front boundary of the anterior nares, and send back a pair of _nasal processes_ which partially separate the nasals from one another. The =outer arcade= forms the slender =suborbital bar=, and consists mainly of two rod-like bones, which in the adult are completely fused together. The posterior of these is the _quadratojugal_ (figs. 59 and 60, 11) which articulates with the quadrate, the anterior is the small and slender _jugal_ or _malar_ (figs. 59 and 60, 10). The extreme anterior part of the bar is formed by the _maxillae_. The main part of the maxillae however lies anterior to the suborbital bar, and extends forwards along the side of the premaxillae forming all the lateral part of the beak (figs. 59 and 60, 1); it also sends inwards a plate, the =maxillo-palatine= (fig. 60, A, 29), which completely fuses with its fellow in the middle line, and forms the posterior boundary of the anterior palatine foramen. The term =desmognathous= describes the condition of the skull in which the maxillo-palatines fuse with one another in the middle line in this way.