The Vertebrate SkeletonReynolds, Sidney H. (Sidney Hugh)
Science
The Vertebrate Skeleton
Reynolds, Sidney H. (Sidney Hugh)
Skeleton
_Coenolestes_, a remarkable form recently described from America,
belongs to the diprotodont section, and is the only living member of
the section known outside the Australian region[153]. An exceptional
dentition is seen in the case of the extinct _Thylacoleo_, in which
the functional teeth are reduced to two pairs; one pair of large
cutting incisors and one of compressed sharp-edged premolars.
EDENTATA. Some Edentata, viz. the ant-eaters (Myrmecophagidae) are, as
far as is known, absolutely toothless at all stages of their
existence; being the only mammals except _Echidna_ in which no tooth
germs have been discovered; others, viz. the Manidae, though showing
foetal tooth germs, are quite toothless in post-foetal life; others,
viz. some of the armadillos, have the largest number of teeth met with
in land mammals. The teeth are homodont except in the Aard Varks, and
grow from persistent pulps. In the sloths (Bradypodidae) and the
Megatheriidae, there are five pairs of teeth in the upper and four in
the lower jaw. The teeth of sloths consist of a central axis of
vasodentine, surrounded firstly by a thin coating of hard dentine, and
secondly by a thick coating of cement.
In no living Edentate have the teeth any enamel; it has, however, been
described as occurring in certain early Megatheroid forms from S.
America[154], and an enamel organ has also been discovered in an
embryo _Dasypus_[155]. In the Armadillos (Dasypodidae) the number of
teeth varies from 8/8 or 7/7 in _Tatusia_, to upwards of 25/25 in
_Priodon_, which therefore may have upwards of a hundred teeth, the
largest number met with in any land mammal. In _Tatusia_ all the teeth
except the last are preceded by two-rooted milk teeth. The Aard Varks
are diphyodont, and milk teeth are also known in a species of
_Dasypus_, but with these exceptions Edentates are, as far as is
known, monophyodont. In _Glyptodon_ the teeth are almost divided into
three lobes by two deep grooves on each side.
The Aard Varks (Orycteropodidae) are quite exceptional as regards
their teeth, which are cylindrical in shape, and are made up of a
number of elongated denticles fused together. Each denticle contains a
pulp cavity from which a number of minute tubes radiate outwards.
These teeth are diphyodont and somewhat heterodont, eight to ten pairs
occur in the upper jaw and eight in the lower, but they are not all in
place at one time. The last three teeth in each jaw are not preceded
by milk teeth[156].
SIRENIA. The teeth of Sirenia show several very distinct types, the
least modified being that of the extinct Halitheriidae, which have
large incisors in the upper jaw, and five or six pairs of tuberculated
grinding teeth in each jaw, the anterior ones being preceded by milk
teeth.
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