1. premaxillae. 2. anterior nares. 3. posterior nares. 4. nasal. 5. frontal. 6. parietal. 7. prefronto-lachrymal. 8. maxillae. 9. vomero-palatine. 10. parasphenoid. 11. orbitosphenoid. 12. pterygoid. 13. squamosal. 14. pro-otic region of exoccipito-periotic. 15. quadrate. 16. quadrate cartilage. 17. exoccipital region of exoccipito-periotic. 18. articular. 19. articular cartilage. 20. dentary. 21. splenial. 22. middle narial passage. II. V. VII. IX. X. foramina for the exit of cranial nerves.] On the ventral surface is the large _parasphenoid_ (fig. 21, B, 10), which is widest behind and overlapped anteriorly by the vomero-palatines. (2) THE SENSE CAPSULES. The =auditory capsules= become almost completely ossified continuously with the exoccipitals; they have been already described. The =nasal capsules= are large and quite unossified though they are overlain by membrane bone. They appear on the dorsal surface between the anterior nares and the nasal process of the premaxillae. They enclose the nasal organs, bound the inner side of the anterior narial opening, and are connected with one another posteriorly by a cartilaginous area. Developed in connection with the nasal capsules are a pair of rather large _nasals_ (fig. 21, A and C, 4), which lie on the dorsal surface immediately in front of the frontals. Each forms part of the posterior boundary of one of the anterior nares, and the two are separated from one another in the middle line by the nasal process of the premaxillae (fig. 21, A, 1), and the opening of the =middle narial passage= (fig. 21, A and B, 22), which passes right through the skull. On the ventral surface of the skull and forming the greater part of the boundary of the posterior nares are two large bones, the _vomero-palatines_ (fig. 21, B and C, 9). Each consists of a wide anterior portion, partly separated from its fellow in the middle line by the ventral opening of the middle narial passage, and of a long pointed posterior portion which is separated from its fellow by the _parasphenoid_, and bears a row of small pointed teeth formed of dentine capped with enamel. (3) THE JAWS. The =upper jaw= of the newt is a discontinuous structure divided into two parts, an anterior part which consists of membrane bones, the _maxillae_ and _premaxillae_, and a posterior part which remains mainly cartilaginous. The _premaxillae_ are united, forming a single bone, which in a ventral view is seen to meet the maxillae and vomero-palatines, and in a dorsal view to send back a nasal process (fig. 21, A, 1) between the nasals. The _maxillae_ are large bones, each terminating in a point posteriorly. A single row of teeth similar to those on the vomero-palatines runs along the outer margin of the maxillae and premaxillae.