The Cambridge Manuals of Science and Literature THE VIKINGS CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS London: FETTER LANE, E.C. C. F. CLAY, MANAGER [Illustration: Emblem] Edinburgh: 100, PRINCES STREET Berlin: A. ASHER AND CO. Leipzig: F. A. BROCKHAUS New York: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS Bombay and Calcutta: MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD. _All rights reserved_ [Illustration: The Gokstad ship] [Illustration: Decorative title page, text follows] THE VIKINGS BY ALLEN MAWER, M.A. Professor of English Language and Literature in Armstrong College, University of Durham: late Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge Cambridge: at the University Press 1913 Cambridge: PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS _With the exception of the coat of arms at the foot, the design on the title page is a reproduction of one used by the earliest known Cambridge printer, John Siberch, 1521_ CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 1 CHAP. I. Causes of the Viking movement 4 II. The Viking movement down to the middle of the 9th century 12 III. The Vikings in England to the death of Harthacnut 22 IV. The Vikings in the Frankish Empire to the founding of Normandy (911) 43 V. The Vikings in Ireland to the battle of Clontarf (1014) 54 VI. The Vikings in the Orkneys, Scotland, the Western Islands and Man 65 VII. The Vikings in Baltic lands and Russia 69 VIII. Viking civilisation 82 IX. Scandinavian influence in the Orkneys, Shetlands, the Western Islands and Man 112 X. Scandinavian influence in Ireland 116 XI. Scandinavian influence in England 123 XII. Scandinavian influence in the Empire and Iceland 138 Bibliography 146 Index 148 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS The Gokstad ship _Frontispiece_ PLATE I. Viking ship from the Bayeux tapestry _facing page_ 100 II. Ornaments of the Viking period " " 104 III. The Jellinge stone " " 111 The frontispiece is reproduced by kind permission of the photographer, Mr O. Væring, of Christiania; plates II and III are taken from Sophus Müller's _Nordische Altertümskunde_. INTRODUCTION